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AN 


INTRODUCTION 


TO    THE 


MAKING  OF  LATIN. 

Selected  chiefly  from  Ellis's  Exercises,   and  adapted 
to    the    Rules    of  Adam's    Syntax. 

TO  WHICH   IS   SUBJOINED,    THE 

SECOND  PART  OF  LYNE'S  LATIN  PRIMER. 


By  WILLIAM  BIGLOW, 

Teacher  of  an  Academy  in  Salem,  Maflachu{g£s<> 


Publifbed  according  to  Aft  of  Congrefs. 


SALEM? 

POINTED    BY    JOSHUA    CUSHING,    FOR    GUSHING' 

&    A  P  P  LETON. 

l801. 


& 


BOOKS  *^ 

Lately  Publifhcd,  and  for  Sale  by 

C  U  S  H  I  N  G    &   AFPLETO  N, 

At  the  Sign  of  the  Bible,    Ejfex-Strtet,   near  Market- 
Street,    Salem» 

THE  CHILD'S  LIBRARY:  Part  First, 
Containing  Leifons  in  Spelling  and  Reading, 
Stops  and  Marks,  Numbers,  &c. — Part  Second  :  con- 
taining a  Selection  of  LefTons  for  Spelling,  Reading 
and  Speaking.  By  William  Big  low,  Teacher  of  an 
Academy  in  Salem,  Maiiachufetts!  • 

THE   ELEMENTS    OF   LATIN  GRAMMAR  ; 

abridged  from  Adam's  Rudiments  of  Latin  and  Englilh 
Grammar,  and  defighed  as  an  Introduction  to  that  work. 
By  W.  Big  low. 

LYNN'S  LATIN  PRIMER,  Firft  k  Second  Parts. 

EVENINGS  AT  HOME;  or  THE  JUVENILE 
BUDGET  OPENED  :—  A  mifcellaneous  work,  chiefly 
by  way  of»  dialogue  ;  calculated  for  the  initruction  of 
youth,  not  only  in  reading,  but  in  natural  hiilory,  aild 
the  principles  of  philofophy,  •    6  vols,  fmall  duodecimo.  - 

With \v  complete  aflbrtment  of  SCHOOL  BOOKS, 
nfeful  in  preparing  youth  for  college,  the  comp.ting-houfe, 
and  for  fcn—iubolefale  and  retail. 

STATIONARY.— Paper  of  all  kinds  :  Quills  ;  Ink 
and :  Ink-powder  ;  Black  Sand;  Writing  Books  ;  ditto 
with  copies  on  the  top;'  Round  and  Running-hand  Co- 
py Slips  ;  Cyphering  Books  ;  Slates  ;  India  Ink;  Gum 
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Dividers ;  Parallel  Rules  ;  Cafes  of  Mathematical  In- 
struments;  Drawing  Books;  Penknives;  and  every 
other  article  of  Stationary. 


AN 

INTRODUCTION 

TO    THE 

.MAKING  OF  LATIN. 


CHAP.  I.       Rule  III. 


T    READ,   lego,    3. 

X      Thou  thinkeft,  cogito,   1. 
He  hears,  audio,  4. 
We  hinder,  prohibeo,   2. 
Ye  fuppofe,  puto,   1. 
They  defend,  defendo,  3. 

U^rotain,  obtineo,  2. 

$aidft  underftand,  intelligo,  3» 

lid  judge,  judico,  I. 
We  did  direct,  praefcribo,  3. 
Ye  did  come,  venio,  4. 
They  did  fee,  video,  2. 

I  have  fought,  qucsro,  ftvl,  3. 

Thou  haft  found,  invenio,  veni,  4- 

He  has  departed,  difcedo,  ejjly  3. 

We  have  affifted,  fuccurfo,  i,  3. 

Ye  have  feared,  metuo,  %  3. 

They  have  confidered,  confidero,  avi,  1. 

I  had  chofen,  deligo,  legi,  3. 
Thou  hadft  gone,  eo,  ivi9  4. 
He  Jiad  difputed,  contendo,  /,  3* 
We  had  triumphed,  triumpho,  avit   1. 
B 


z  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

Ye  had  called  back,  revoco,  avi,  i. 
They  had  done,  ago,  egi,  3. 

I  fhall  leave,  relinquo,  iqui,  3. 
Thou  wilt  build,  aedinco,  avi,    1. 
He  fhall  compare,  comparo,  avi,   u 
We  will  fend,  mitto,  iji,  3. 
Ye  will  pretend,  iimulo,  avi,   1. 
They  will  carry,  porto,  avi,   1. 

I  can  fupport,  fuftineo,  ui,  2.    , 
Thou  mayeit.  receive,  accipio,  epi,  3. 
He  may  require,  exigo,  egi,  3. 
We  may  know,  fcio,  ivi,  4. 
Ye  may  redeem,  redimo,  «r/,  3. 
They  can  recover,  recupero,  avi,   1. 

I  might  blame,  obtrecto,  avi,   1 . 

Thcu  wouldeft  run  away,  profugio,  ere,  3. 

He  could  effect,  efficio,  eci,  3. 

We  might  obey,  obedio,  ivi,  4. 

Ye  fhould  compel,  cogo,  coegi,   3. 

They  might  deliver,  trado,  idi,  3. 

I  may  have  lived,  vivo,  vixi,  3. 
Thou  mayeft  have  thought,  exiilimo,  avi,  1. 
He  may  have  fought,  confligo,  ixi,  3, 
We  may  have  defired,  concupifco,  ivi,  3. 
Ye  may  have  declared,  declaro,  avi,  1. 
They  may  have  forefeen,  provideo,  di,  2. 

I  might  have  defended,  defendo,  di,  3. 
Thou  mighteil  have  told,  narro,  avi,  r. 
He  might  have  doubted,  dubito,  avi,  1. 
We  might  have  wept,  ftzQ,jlevi,  2. 
Ye  might  have  agreed,  afTentio,j£,  4. 
They  might  have  placed,  pono,  pofui,  3. 

I  fhall  have  hoped,  fpero,  avi,  1. 
Thou  fhalt  have  wifhed,  opto,  avi,  I. 
He  fhall  have  refuted,  refuto,  avi,  u 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN,  3 

We  mall  have  conquered,  vinco,  vki%  3. 
Ye  mail  have  received,  acquire»,  qut/tvi,  3 . 
They  fhall  have  obtained,  impetro,  avi,  1. 

See  thou,  video,  vidt,  2. 

Let  him  call  to,  appello,  av'h  I. 

Afk  ye,  rogo,  am,  1. 

Let  them  bind,  vincio,  vlnxl,  4. 

I  am  plundered,  diripior,  direptus  fum,  3. 
Thou  art  led  out,  educor,  eductus  fum,  3. 
He  is  appointed,  conftituor,  conflitutus  fum,  3. 
We  are  hindered,  impedior,  impedlius  fum,  4. 
k  Ye  are  taken,  capior,  capitis  fum,  3. 
They  are  governed,  regor*  reel  us  fum,  3. 

I  was  carried,  deportor,  deportatus  fum,  1. 
Thou  wait  fent,  mittor,  mffus  fum,  3. 
He  was  appointed,  conftituorj  conflitutus  fum,  3. 
We  were  acquitted,  Salvor,  fo/utus  fum,  3. 
Ye  were  overcome,  fuper or,  fuper at us  fum,  1. 
They  v/ere  fortified,  munior,  muntius  fum,  4. 

I  have  been  trufled,  credor,  creditus  fum,  3* 
Thou  hall  been  found,  invenior,  inventus  fum,  4. 
He  has  been  reconciled,  concilior,  concillatus  fum,  I. 
We  have  been  divided,  dividor,  divifus  fum,  3. 
Ye  have  been  plucked  up*  evellor,  evu/fusfum,  3. 
They  have  been  required,  poflulor,  poflulatus  fum,  1. 

I  had  been  loft,  amittor,  amffus  fum,  3. 

Thou  hadft  been  corrupted,  corrumpor,  corruptus  fum,  3. 

He  had  been  condemned,  condemnor,  condemnatus  fum,  1. 

We  had  been  fhown,  oftendor,  oflenfus  fum,  3, 

Ye  had  been  adorned,  ornor,  omaius  fum,  1. 

They  had  been  increafed,  augeor,  auclus  fum,  2. 

I  mail  be  found,  reperior,  repertus  fum,  4. 
Thou  fhalt  be  defpifed,  fpernor,  fpretus  fum,  2. 
He  fhall  be  educated,  educor,  educatus  fum,  1. 
We  fhall  be  hanged,  {uipendoTtfu/penfusfum,  3. 


4  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO* 

Ye  will  be  fent  for,  accerfor,  accerfitus  fum,  4. 
They  will  be  taught,  doceor,  do&us  fum,  2. 

Be  thou  defpifed,  contemnor,  contemptus  fum,  3. . 
Let  him  be  avoided,  fugior,  fugitus  fum,  3. 
Let  us  be  bought,  emor,  emptus  fum,  3. 
Be  ye  difturbed,  perturbor,  perturbatus  fum,  1. 
Let  them  be  prefled,  premor,  pre/Jus  fum,  3. 

I  may  be  defended,  defendor,  defenfus  fum,  3. 

Thou  mayeft  be  hidden,  abdor,  abditus  fum,  3. 

He  may  be  lifted  up,  erigor,  ereBus  fum,  3. 

We  may  be  thought,  putor,  putatus  fum,  1. 

Ye  may  be  omitted,  omittor,  omijfus  fum,  3. 

They  can  be  anfwered,  refpondor,  refponfus  fum,  3. 

I  might  be  approved,   approbor,  approbatusfum,  1. 
Thou  mighteft  be  called,   appellor*  appsllatus  fum,  1. 
He  might  be  lamented,  deploror,  dephralus  fum,  I. 
We  might  be  denied,  negor,  negatus  fum,  1. 
Ye  might  be  believed,  creior,  credlius  fum,  3. 
They  might  be  prepared,  pzrov, paratus  fum,  1. 

I  may  have  been  invited,  invitor,  invltatus  fum,  I. 
Thou  mayeil  have  been  changed,  mutor,  mutatus  fum,  1. 
He  may  have  been  fep'arated,  fejuttgor,  fcyunSus  fum,  3. 
We  may  have  been  fworn,  juror,  juralvs  fun,  1. 
Ye  may  have  been  choien,  eligor,  eleitus  fum,  3. 
They  may  have  been  pr ailed,  laudor,  iuudatus  fum,  1. 

I  might  have    been  laughed  at,  derideor,  dcrtfus  ftm,   2. 
Thou  mighteft  have  been  vexed,  vexor,  vexdtvt  fum,  1. 
He  might  have  been  cut  oft,  refcindor,  rtfctffus  fum,  3. 
We  might  have  been  marked,  notor,  notatus  fum,  1. 
Ye  might  have  been  forbidden,  vetor,  vetltus  fim,  1  &  3, 

n't  et  avi. 
They  might  have  been  killed,  interiicior,  irierfectus  fum,  3. 

I  (hall  have  been  difturbed,  conturbor,  conturlatzs  fum,  1. 
Thou  malt  have  been  loved,  diligor,  d'dectusfum,  3. 
He  fhall  have  been  appointed,  conftituor,  conjntutus  fum,^ 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  5 

We  fhall  have  been  taken  care  of,  curor,  euratusfum,  I. 
Ye  fhall  have  been  deceived,  f allor  9  falf us  fum9  3. 
They  fhall  have  been  left,  relinquor,  relictus  fum9  3. 

Be  thou  defpifed,  contemnor,  contemptus fum,  3. 
Let  him  be  avoided,  fugior9fugitusfum,  3. 
Be  ye  difturbed,  perturbor,  perturbatus  fum>  1. 
Let  them  be  pre/Ted,  premor, prejfus  fum9  3. 

The  condition  pleafes,  conditio,  onis,  3.  /.  placeo,  ut,  2. 

Who  has  fpoken  ?   quis,  qua,  quid,  dico,  ixit  3. 

The  caufe  might  be   referred,  caufa,  a,   1  f  deferor,  la- 

tusy  irr» 
Men  may  underftand,  homo,  inisy  3.  intelligo,  exit  3. 
Death  has  taken  away,  mors,  ft/,  3  /.  eripio,  uif  3. 
Men  lie,  homo,  inis,  3.  mentior,  thus  fum,  4  dep. 
Nature  requires,    natura,  *,    if  poftulo,  avi,   1. 
A  power  is  permitted,  poteftas,  atisy  3/.  permitto,  per- 

mijfus  fumy  3. 
The  citizens  may  receive,  civis,  is,  3  c.  recipio,  epi,  3. 
The  miftake  will  be  removed,  error,  ow,  3  m.  tollor, 

fir.  3. 
The  law  permits,  lex,  egts,  3/.  permitto,//?,  3. 
Pompey  feared,  Pompeius,  i,  2  m.  timeo,  u:,  2. 
The  law  is  eftablifhed,  lex,  egis,  3/.  conftituor,  conjihutus 

fum,  3. 
The  money  may  be  received,  pecunia,  a,  1  /.  recipior, 

receptus  fuw.y   3. 
They  fhould  be  named,   is,  eaf  id*   nominor,  nominates 

fumy  1. 
Honour  commands,  honor,  or'isy  3  m.  jubeo,  itffi,   2. 
Rome  delights,  Roma,  a,  1.  deleclo,  avi,   1. 
Carthage  was  deftroyed,  Carthago,  inis,  3.  dele  or,  deletes 

fumy  2. 
The  gates  are  open,  porta,  a9  1  f  pateo,  ui>   2  neut. 
The  kings  threaten,  rex,  egis,  3  m.  imminuo,  us,  2. 
Let  the  wicked  retire,  impius,  a,  urn.  fecedo,  ejfi,  3. 
A  fupplication  was  decreed,  fupplicatio,  onis,  3  /.  decer- 

nor,  deer etus  fumy  3. 
I  held  my  tongue,  ego,  pron.  taceo,  ui>  2. 
Mor^y  was  laid  out,  pecunia  a,  1/.  erogor,  erogatusfum,  1. 
3  2 


6  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

Let  the  reft  come  forth,  caeter,  <?,  urn.  prodso,  ivi3  4. 
The  houfe  was  burnt,  dorrrus,  f.   2   &  4.   ardeo,  arfi,  2 

neut. 
An  opportunity  is  waited  for,  occafio,    onis9$f.  captor, 

captatus fum,  I. 
Virtue  is   required,    virtus,  «///,  3  /.    requiror,   requ'ifitus 

fum,  3.         • 
The  fault   arifes,    crimen,  tnis>   3  n.    exorior,   ortus  fumf 

The  ienate  has  been  convened,  fenatus,  its,  4  m.  convo- 

cor,  corroocatus  /urn,  1. 
Reafon  is  taken  away,  ratio,  onls,  3  /.  to\\oryfublatus  fum, 

irr. 
Phyficians  are  deceived,    medicus,  1,  2  m.   fallor,  falfus 

/urn,  3. 
Death  is  avoided,  mors,  ortis,  3  f.  fiiaior,  fugtttu /urn,  3. 
Life  is  fought  for,  vita  <e,  1  f.  expetcr,    expeti/usfum,  3. 
Galba  applies,  Galba  <*,  1  m.  prenfo,  a<vi,  1. 
Friends   are   found,   amicus,   1,   2  m.  invenior,   inventus 

/urn,  4. 
Pompey  denied,  Pompeius,  J,* 2  w.  nego,  avi,  1. 
I  have  been  difturbed,  ego,  ^>r<2/z.  perturbor,  perturbalus 

fum>  I. 
Ambition  endeavours,  ambitio,  o*Ar,  3^  nitor,  3  dep. 
Deducaeus  has  admoniihed,    Deducaeus,  i,  2  w.  admo- 

neo,  z//\  2. 
He  would  difpute,  ille,  prcn.  contendo,  i,  3. 
Caecilius  would  demonstrate,  Caecilius,  /,  2  m.  demonftro, 

aviy  1. 
They  might  fupport,  ille,  pr on.  fuftineo,  ul,  2. 
I  have  written,  ego,  pron.  fcribo,  ipfi,  3. 
Salluft  has.  experienced,    Salluftius,  /,  2  m.  experlor,  ex- 
pert us  fum,  4  dep. 
We  have  been  put  off,  ego,  pron.  rejicior,  rejeftus  fum,  1. 
I  did  propofe,   ego,  pron.  cogito,  avi9  1. 
Caiaeta  fhall  be   adorned,    Caiaeta,  a,  1  /.  ornor  ornatus 

Jum,  1. 
The  books  might  be   preferred,  liber,  /,  2  m.   confervor, 

cenfirvatus  fwn,  I. 
Craffus  has  defpiied,  Craflus,  /,  2  m.  contemno,  pft,  3. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  7 

The  games  are  approved  of,  ludus,  /,  2  rn,  accipior,  accep- 

tusjum,   3. 
The  womenlie  down,  mulier,  eris,  3/.  accumbo,  ui,  3. 
Terentia  will  perfuade,  Terentia,  ^,  1  f.  perfuadeo,^,  2. 
See  thou,   tu,  pron.  video,  /,  2. 
The  father  has  fent,  pater,  tris,  3  m.  mitto,  if,  3. 
We  are  delighted,  ego,  pron.  deleclor,  delegatus /urn. 
The  library   might  be  completed,    bibliotheca,  a,    1  f. 

conflcior,  confcctus /urn,  3. 
The  fitter  is  beloved,  foror,  oris,  3  f.  diligor,  dileclus  fum,  3. 
The  man  has  found,  vir,  i,  2  m.  reperio,  peri,  4. 
The  boy  will  hinder,  puer,  /',  2  m.  prohibeo,  ui,  2. 
I  have  been  alarmed,  ego,  pron.   commoveor,   commotus 

fnm,  ti 
Sofitheus  died,   Sofltheus,  /',  2  m.  decedo,  ejfi,  3. 
The  letters  fpeal:,  epiftola,  a,    if.  loquor,  locutus  fum,  3 

dep.  , 
The  confuls  have   difagreed,    conful,  nils,  3  m.  diffideo, 

edi,  2. 
A  rejection  might  be  accomplifhed,  reje&io,  onls,  3/.  fi.o, 

faclus  fum,  irr. 
The  men  fat  down,  homo,  inis,  3  c.  fedeo,   2,  2.- 
The  bufmefs   was   referred,    res,  ei,  5  f.   referor,  relatus 

fum,    irr. 
The  tables  might  be  carried  about,    tabula,   <e,  1  f.  cir- 

cumferor,  circumlatus  fum,  irr. 
The  affair  is  determined,   res,  ei,  5/.  decerno,  crevi,  3. 
Difhonefty  triumphs,  improbitas,  atis,  3/.  exulto,  avi,  1. 
Wickednefs  boafts,  nequitia,    <z,   1  /.  glorior,  atus  fum,, 

l  dep. 
Religion  has  been   overthrown,    religio,   onis,  3/.  con- 

cido,  i,  3  mut. 
To  diffemble  is  unlawful,  diffimulo,  avi,  1.    non  licet. 
To  do,  wrong  is  never  ufeful,  pecco,   avi,   1.    nunquam 

profum. 
To  ftudy  pleafes,   fludeo,  ui,  2.   pla^eo,  ui,  2. 
Part  are  difmifled,  pars,  artis,  3  f  demitto,  mifi,    3. 
The  flock  is  fed,  grex,  gis,  3  c.  pafco,  pavi,  3. 
The  common  people  rages,    vulgus,  gl,   m.    &  n.  2.  fae-  . 

vio,  ivi,  et  ii,  4. 
The  flock  runs,  grex,  gis9  3  c.  curro,  cucurri,  3. 


AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 


CHAPTER  II. 

I  name  no  one. 

Madnefs  overcame  reafon. 

The  brother  left  an  heir. 

Obferve  ye  the  event. 

Capua  corrupted  Hannibal. 

The  mother  produces  a  letter. 

No  one  accufed  Sulla. 

The  Sirens  invite  UlyfTes. 

Virtue  procures  friendfhip. 

Vice  produces  hatred. 

One  good  turn  deferves  another. 

He  runs  over  the  ftadium. 

He  fung  a  fong.. 

He  dreampt  a  dream. 

His  voice  founds  like  a  man. 

He  fmells  like  a  goat. 

We  run  over  the  fea. 

Corydon  loves  Alexis. 

He  has  white  hair. 


CHAPTER  III. 

A  great  man  had  anfwered. 

A  free  people  defired. 

One  difgrace  remains. 

A  hateful  war  is  at  hand. 

That  law  commands. 

The  other  ranks  have  been  freed. 

The  moft  noble  men  Jiave  come. 

The  greateft  labour  H  added. 

A  great  error  prevails. 

Your  liberty  is  taken  away. 

A  fearful  man  obeyed.. 
No  deceit  is  produced». 


l^HE  MAKING  OF  LATIN. 


RULE  XVIII. 

Ego,  pron.  nommo,  avi,  i.  nemo,  inis,  3,  c. 

Amentia,  <z,  if  vinco,  id,  3.  ratio,  on':s,  3/. 

Frater,  tris,  3  m.  rclinquo,  iqui,  3.  hacrcs,  dis,  3,  c. 

Attendo,  /,  3.  excitas,  us,  4  in. 

Capua,  a,  if  corrumpo,  upi,  3.  Hannibal,  alls,  3  feu 

Mater,  tris,  3  f  profero,  protuli,  irr,  epiilola,  a,  1  f 

Nemo,  tnls,  3  c.  inlimulo,  avi,  1.  Sulla,  a,  1  w/. 

Siren,  enis,  3/.  invito,  aw,  1.  Ulyffes,  is,  3  m. 

Virtus,  ut\s,  3/.  concilio,  aw,  i.  amicitia,  a,  if 

Vitium,  /,  2  n.  pario,  peperi,  3.  odium,  i,  2  «*. 

Gratia,  a,  1  y.  pario,  gratia. 

Curro,  cucurri,  3.  ftadium,  /',  2  tf. 

Cano,  c^i«/,  3.  cantilena,  a,  if. 

Somnio,  avi,  1.  fomnium,  i,  2  n. 

Vox,  cis,  3/.  fono  «i,  1.  homo,  inis,  3  j. 

Gleo,  ui  et  ra/,  2.  hircus,  i,  2  m. 

Gurro,  aequor,  oris,  3  /z. 

Corydon,  ardeo,  arfi,  2.  Alexis. 

Ille  rubeo,  rului,  2.  capillus,  i,  2  th. 


RULE  II. 

Magnus,  a,  um,  vir,  iri,  2  m.  refpondeo,  i,  2. 

Liber,  era,  erum.  populus,  i,  2  'm% -defiderc,  rtr/,  i„- 

Unus,  a,  um,  dedecus,  oris,  3  tu  reflo,  as,  i:i,  1. 

Exiciofus,  a,  um.  bellum,  r,  2  n.  impendeo,  /,  2. 

Is,  ea,  id,  pron.  lex,  Ljgis,  3/.  jubeo,  ajfi,  2. 

Caeter,  a,  um,  adj.  ordo,  mis,  3  m.  liberor,  aius  fum9  1. 

Nobilis,  <>,  0^"«  homo,  inis,  3  /?z.  venio,  f,  4. 

Magnus.  #,  ym,  labor,  oris,  3  ra.  accedo,  ^'/7,  3  «c'w/. 

Magnus,  #  z*m.  error,  oris,  3  m.  verfor,  atus  firm,  1  dcp. 

Velter,  a,  um,  pron,  libertas,  atis,  3/.  tollor,  fablatus  fum> 

irr. 
Timidus,  a,  um.  vir,  iri,  2  m.  pareo,  ui,  2  neut. 
Nullus,  a,  um.  fraus,  dis,  3  f  profercr,  prolat us  fum,  irr* 


to  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

The  moft  impudent  man  is  chofen. 

No  private  letters  are  produced. 

The  moft  talkative  man  has  been  (truck  dumb. 

Human  councils  have  failed. 

They  alone  remain. 

The  uncultivated  way  may  be  left. 

No  luxury  will  be  found. 

Our  whole  army  has  been  deftroyed. 

A  wonderful  accident  has  happened. 
All  that  afTent  falls  off. 

The  careful  hufbandman  fows. 

One  man  has  freed  us. 

He  left  a  marriageable  daughter. 

He  leaves  no  building. 

How  long  will  that,  your  madnefs,  play  upon  me  r 

I  have  found  out  all  thefe  things. 
All  your  citizens  fear  you. 
Take  care  of  your  wives. 

One  day  omitted  often  difturbs  the  whole. 

A  wife  praetor  avoids  offence. 

All  the  nobles  know  thefe  things,  our  own  countrymen 
know  them,  the  little  merchants  know  them. 

You  have  rejected  all  equity. 

Nor  do  I  now  blame  your  intention. 

The  true  difpute  is  this. 

Your  tears  hinder  me. 

The  other  perfon  has  deceived  many. 

A  learned  man  commended  the  philofophers. 

The  fenate  undertook  my  caufe. 

All  perfons  avoid  your  difcourfe. 
He  did  not  carry  his  own  tribe. 
They  appointed  yearly  magiftrates. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  n 

Homo,  inis,  3  c.  impudens,  impudcntiffimus.  dcligo,  egu 
Nullus,  a,  um.  privatus,  a,  um.  epiftola,  a,  I  f.  profero,  irr. 
Homo  loquax,  ac'tffimus,  a,  um.  obmutefco,  iff,  3  n. 
Humanus,  a,  um.  concilium,  /,  2  n.  cado,  cecidi,  3# 
Ille,  a,  ud.  folus  a,  um.  permaneo,  anfi,  3. 
Incultus,  a,  urn.  via,  a,  1  f.  relinquo,  iqui,  3. 
Nullus,  a,  um.  luxuries, «,  5/.  reperior,  repertus  fum,  4. 
Nofter,  a,  um.  omnis,  e,  adj.  exercitus,  us,  4  w.  intereo, 

ii,  4  neut. 
MiriS:us,  a,  um.  cafus,  us,  4  m.  evenio,  /,  4. 
Omnis,  e,  adj.  ille,  a,  ud.  alfenfus,  us,  4  m.  elabor,  elapfus 

fum,  3  dep. 
Diligens,  entls,  adj.  agricola,  a,  1  m.  fero,  vi,  3. 
Vir,  iri,  2  m.  unus,  a,  um.  libero,  avi,  I.  ego,  pron. 
Relinquo,  /yai,  3.  filia,  <z,  if.  nubilis,  e,  adj. 
Relinquo,  iqui,  nullus,  a,  um.  aedificium,  i,  2  n. 
Quamdiu,  adv.  furor,  oris,  3  m.  ille,  a,  ud,  pron.  tuus,  a, 

um,  pron.  ludo,  fi,  3.  ego,  pron. 
Ego,  pron»  comperio,  i,  4.  hie,  ^>r/5#.  <?r/.  omnis,  i. 
Omnis,  e,    civis,  is,  3  *.  metuo,  wi,  3.  tu,  pron. 
Tu,  pron.  euro,  avi,  I.  conjux,  «j^V,  3  y.  vefter,  tf,  wa. 
Unus,  a,  um,  adj.  dies,  «,   5  /w.  intermiflus,  <?,  w#/.  fepe, 

tz<r/x'.  perturbo,  0<t;ij  1.  totus,  a,  um,  adj. 
Praetor,  oris,  3  m.  fapiens,  entjs,  adj.  ;vito,  avi,  1 .  offenlio> 

onis,  3  yi 
Omnis,  e,  adj.   nobilis,  e,  adj.  fcio,  ivi,  4.  hie,  /W,  hoc, 

nofter,  a,  um,  pron.  homo,  inis,  3  c.  fcio,  ivi,  4.  medio- 

cris,  *?,  adj.  negociator,  oris,  3  ?w.  fcio. 
Rejicio,  eci,  3.  equitas,  atis,  $  f.  omnis,  e. 
Neque,  adv.  nunc,  adv.  reprehendo,  /,3.  conillium,  i, 

2  «.  tuus,  a,  um,  pron. 
Contentio,  onis,  $f  verus,  a,  um,  adj.  fum,  hie. 
Lachryma,  a,  if.  tuus,  a,  um.  impedio,  ivi,  4.  ego,  pron* 
Homo,  inis,  3  c.  alter,  a,  um.    failo,  fifelli,  3.    irmltus, 

Homo,  inis,  3  f.  doclus,  laudo,  avi,  1.  philofophus,  /,  2  m. 
Senatus,  «j,  4  wi.  fufcipio,  epi,  3.  caufa,  #,   1/.  meus, 

a,  um. 
Omnis,  e,  fugio,  i,  3.  ferrno,  onis,  3  m.  tuus,  j,  «w. 
Non,  adv.  fero,  /w/i,  irr.  tribus,  us,  ^.f.  fuus,  #,  um, 
Creo,  aw,  1.  magiftratus,  us,  4  w.  annuus,  #,  um. 


12  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

Our  countrymen  always  thought  thcfe,  daring,  wicked, 
dangerous  citizens. 

I  will  name  no  woman. 
Men  may  blame  my  advice. 

This  new  form  frightens  the  eyes. 

One  confolation  fupports  me. 

What  witnefs  has  called  upon  Po'fthumius  ? 

That  angry  man  defires  your  blood. 

Your  anceftors  conquered  all  Italy. 

Our  anceftors  took  up  arms. 

Hear  thofe  good  men. 

The  Roman  people  poffefs  Macedonia. 

Trebonius  fuffered  great  pain. 

This  thing  confoles  me. 

I  received  your  pleafmg  letters. 

All  thefe  things  will  have  a  better  end. 

I  acquire  my  dignity. 
I  have  read  your  fpeech. 
You  never  had  more  farms. 

Csefar  approved  of  this  my  conduct. 

We  have  loft  a  very  worthy  citizen. 
We  ha  ve  many  probable  things. 
Your  expectation  does  not  difturb  me. 

Unprovided  he  took  up  arms. 

All  minds  being  cultivated  do  not  bear  Fruit. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  13 

Homo,  inis,   3  c.  nofter,  a,  um.  Temper,  adv.  puto,  avi. 

hie,  audax,  acts,  adj.  malus,  a,  um.  perniciolus,  a,  um. 

civis,  is,  3  c. 
Nomino,  avi,  1.  fxmina,  a,  if.  nullus,  a,  um. 
Homo,  inis,   3  c.  reprehendo,  di,   3.   concilium,  /,  2  n. 

meus,  a,  um. 
Hie,  h&c,  hoc.  novus,  a,  um.  forma,  a,  if.  terreo,  ui,  2. 

oculus,  /,  2  m. 
Confolatio,  onis,  3  f.  unus,  a,  um.  fuftento,  avi,  1.  ego, 

pron. 
Quls,  qua,  quid,  teftis,  is}  3  c.  invoco,  avi,   1.  Pofthu- 

mius,  i,  2  m. 
Homo,  mis,   3  c.  iratus,  a,  um.  ille,  a,  ud,  pron.  concu- 

pifco,  ivi,  3.  fanguis,  inis,  3  m.  vefter,  a,  um. 
Majores,   3  pi.  m.  vefler,  a,  um.  vinco,  id,  3.   Italia,  *, 

i.f.  univerfus,  a,  um. 
Majores,  3  pi.  m.  nofter,  a,  um.  capio,  cepi,  3.  arma,  orum9 

2  neut.  pi. 
Audio,  ivi,  4.  vir,  iri,  2  m.  bonus,  a,  um.  ifle,  a,  ud. 
Populus,  /,   2   ml   Romanus,  a,  um.    teneo,  ui,  2.    Ma- 
cedonia, a,  1  f. 
Trebonius,  /,   2  m.    perfero,   tuli,  irr.    dolor,  oris,  3  m. 

magnus,  a,  um. 
Res,  ei,  5  f.  ille,  a,  ud.  confolbr,  atus  fum,  1  dep.  ego. 
A  ccipio,  epiy  3.  liters,  arum,    I  f.  pi.  tuus,  a,  um.  fua- 

vis,  e. 
Hie  omnis,  c.  habeo,  ui,  2.  exitus,  its,  4  m.  melior,  oris9 

adj. 
Obtineo,  ui,  2,  dignitas,  atis,  3/.  meus,  a,  tmu 
Lego,  egi,  3.  fermo,  onis,  3  m.  tuus,  a,  um. 
Nunquam,  adv.   habeo,  ui,  2.    plus,  pluris,  adj.  praedi- 

um,  i,  2  n. 
Cosfar,  aris,  3  m.  approbo,  avi,   1.   aclio,  onis,  3  f.  hie, 

meus,  a,  um. 
Amitto,  if,  3.  civis,  is,  3.  c.  optimns,  a,  um. 
Ego,  pron.  habeo,  ui,  2.  multus,  a,  um,  probabilis,  e. 
Expe&atio,  onis,   3  f.   tiius,  a,  um. non,  adv. perturb"o, 

avi,  1.  ego,  pron. 
Imparatus,  a,  um.  {\\mo,fumpf,  3.  arma,  orum,  ±  n.  fit. 
Animus,  /,  2  m.  omnis,  e.  cultus,  si}  um.  non,  adv.  ferd, 

-tuli,  irr.  fru&us,  us,  4  777. 

c 


14  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

The  poets  introduce  the  braveft  men  lamenting. 

You  defpife  all  authorities. 
Every  animal  defires  fomething. 

I  will  remove  that  fevere  old  man. 
Reafon  declares  the  fame  thing. 

Your  love  conquers  all  difficulties. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

You  love  modefty,  and  goodnefs,  and  virtue. 

Neither  the  fenate  nor  the  people  has  any  power. 

You  will  know  a  modefl  and  fenfible  man. 

Philofophy   takes    away  vain   troubles,   and  drives  off 

fear. 
I  defpife  magnificent  villas,  and  marble  pavements. 

Antony  led  out  two  legions  and  two  praetorian  cohorts» 

We  fee  very  many  males  and  females. 

Wafh  your  hands  and  fup. 

A  lofty  and  noble  mind  defpifes  all  human  affairs. 

You  have  the  right  and  the  power. 

They  have  defired  great  things,  and  very  much  to  be 

expected. 
Nature  has  made  man  bolder  than  woman. 

He  adds  a  fleet  and  an  army. 

Your  quick  return  declares  your  politenefs  and  affection* 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  15 

Poeta,  /f,   1  vi.  induco,  uxi,  3.  vir,  iri,  2  m.  fortis,  e.  la- 

mentans,  ant  is,  part. 
Tu,  pro7u  contemno,  i,  3.  aiithoritas,  <7//j,  3/.  omnis,  e. 
Omnis,  e.  animal,  alls,  3  n.  adepto,  /',  3.  quidam,  quadam9 

quoddam. 
Rcmoveo,  vi9  2.  ille,  a,  ud.  durus,  a,  um.    fenex,  fenis,  3  nu 
Ratio,  onis,  3/.  ipfe,  a,  ud.  declare,  av'u  hie,  idem,  eadem, 

idem. 
Amor,  oris,  3  m.  tuus,  a,  um,  pron.  vinco,  id,  3.  difHcul- 

tas,  atis,  3  f.  omnis,  e,  adj. 


RULE  LVIIL 

Diligo,  exi,  3,  pudor,  oris,  3  nu  &,  conj.  bonitas,  atis,  $f 

que,  conj.  virtus,  utis,  3/. 
Nee,  conj.  fenatus,  us,  q.m.  nee,  conj.  populus,  /,  2  nu  ha- 

beo,  «/',  2.  vis,  is,  3/.  ullus,  #,  ud. 
Cognofco,  o*vi,  3.  homo,  mi/,  3  r.  modeftus,  #,  urn.  et, 

£<?«/.  prudens,  «i/£r,  adj,  - 
Philofophia,  a,  if.  detraho,  traxi,  3.  folicitudo,  inis9  3/. 

inanis,.  e.  £c,-  con}*  pello, pepuli,  3.  timor,  0/7V,  3  w. 
-Contemno,  empfi,,  3.  villa,  #,   1  f.  magnificus,  a,  urn.  et, 

f0/y.  pavimentum,  /,  2  n.  marmoreus,  a,  urn. 
Antonius,  i,  2  m.  educo,  uxi,  3.  legio,  onis,  3  y.  duo,  et, 

fo«/.  cohors,  0/*//*,  g/.  duo,  praetcrius,  #,  aw. 
Video,  di,  2.  complures,  pL  adj.  mas,  arts,  3  w.  et,  conj. 

faemina,  *,■  1  /. 
Lavo,  i,  1,  manus,  wx,  4/.  tuus,  #,  «w.  et,  cceno,  avt,  I. 
Animus,  /,  2  77/.  excelfus,  #,  urn.  et,  £0/1/.  magnificus,  #, 

um.  defpicio,  exi,  3,  res,  rei,  5  f.  omnis,  e.  humanus*  a9 

urn. 
Habeo,  ui,  2.  jus,  juris,  3  n.  et,  conj.  poteftas,  aiis9  $f. 
Concupifco,  ivi,  3  f.  res,  a,  5  f.  magnus,  a,  um.  et,  conj. 

magnopere,  adv.  expectandus,  a,  um,  part. 
Natura,  a,  if.  facio,  eci,  3.  vir,  iri,  2  m.  audacior,  oris, 

adj.  compar.  quam,  conj.  mulier,  eris9  3  f 
Adjungo,  unxi,  3.  clalfis,  //,  3/.  et,  conj.  exercltus,  us, 

4  nu 
Reditus,  us,  4  nu  celer,  a,  urn.  tuus,  a,  um.  declaro,  avi* 

1.  humanitas,  atis,  if.  tuus,  et,  amor,  oris9  3  m. 


x6  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO- 


CHAPTER  V. 

Bythinia  is  your  province. 

No  one  is  companionate. 

There  is  the  higheft  honour,  the  highefl  dignity. 

Your  fpeech  was  very  elegant  and  very  cunning. 

This  is  one  place. 

You  have  been  tribune. 

There  was  fuch  boldnefs  and  fuch  violence. 

May  my  fellow  citizens  be  fafe,  be  flourifhing,  -be  happy. 

Experience  is  the  befl  mafter. 
Thou  art  a  judge. 
All  the  fault  is  yours. 
All  fiavery  is  wretched. 

There  is  the  greateft  difagreement,  but  an  unequal  coa- 
ted. 
There  is  great  difturbance  and  confufion. 

Admonition  is  not  neceffary. 

The  greateft  feverity  is  popular. 

Are  not  you  a  ridiculous  man  ? 

My  enemies  are  many. 

The  diiiinction  is  eafy  and  ftiort. 

Your  writings  are  true. 

Fain  is  not  the  greateft  evil. 

A  wife  man  is  always  happy. 

We  are  not  ignorant. 

A  brave  man  is  confident. 

The  ftars  are  hot  and  bright. 

Every  body  is  either  water,  or  air,  or  fire,  or  earth. 


They  are  innocent  and  mo  deft. 
They  were  called  the  nobles. 
Seven  were  called  wife  men. 
Varro  was  efteemed  a  learned  man. 
Cicero  was  accounted  eloquent. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN. 


RULE  V. 

Bythinia,  <*,  i  f  fum,  provincia,  <?,  i  f.  vefter,  a,  um. 

Nemo,  inis,  3.  fum,  mifericors,  ordis,  adj. 

Sum,    honeftas,    atis,    3  f.  fummus,  dignitas,  atis,   3  / 

fum mus,  a,  um. 
Oratio,   onis,    3  /.    tuus,  a,   um.  fum,  perelegans,    antis, 

adj.  et  perfubtilis,  e. 
Hie,  fum,  unus,  a,  urn.  locus,  i,  2  in. 
Sum,  tribunus,  /,  2  m. 

Sum,  audacia,  a,  1  /.  tantus,  #,  «w.  et,  vis,  is,  3/.  tantus. 
Sum,  civis,  is,  3  £■,   incolumis,  e,  fum,  florens,  £/z//V,  />#>Y. 

fum,  beatus,  a,  .urn. 
Experientia,  a,  if  fum,  magifter,  /,  2  at.  bonus. 
Sum,  judex, ids,  3. 

Crimen,  i/i/j-,  3  ;;.  omnis,  e,  adj.  fum.  tuus,  a,  urn. 
Servitus,  uth,  $f  omnis,  e.  fum,  mifer,  a,  urn. 
Sum,  diffentio,  onis9   3  /.  fummus,  a,  urn.  fed,  conj.  con- 

tentio,  onis,  3  f  difpar,  adj.' 
Sum,  perturbatio,  onis,    3  /.    magnus,  a,   wn.    et,    «?/t/. 

con f u fi o,  -o/wj-,  3  y. 
Hortatio,  o/z/j,  3  f.  non,  fum,  necefTarius,  #,  urn. 
Severitas,  atu9  3  /*.  magnus,  a,  urn.  fum,  popularis,  r. 
Non.,  fum,  tu,  jSrw.  homo,  inis,  3  <%  ridiculus,  a,  u;n. 
Inimicus,  i9  2  m.  mens,  a,  vm.  fum,  multus,  a,  urn. 
Diftinctio,  onis,  3/.  furrijiacilis,  e.  et,  conj.  expeditus,  a9  urn. 
Scriptum,  i,  2  n.  tuus,  a,  urn.  fum,  verus,  a,  urn. 
Dolor,  oris,  3  m.  non,  fum,  malum,  2  /z.  magnus,  #,  wn. 
Sapiens,  entis9  adj.  fam,  femper,  adv.  beatus,  a,  um. 
Non,  fum,  ignarus,  a9  um. 
Vir,  />/,  2  wz.  fortis,  e.  fum,  fidens,  /ar^f. 
Sidus,  eris,  3  ?z.  fum,  calidus,  a,  um.  et,  perlucidus,  a,  um. 
Corpus,  oris,  3  ;z.  omnij,  e.  fum,  vel,  ^?z/.   aqua,  a,    1  j£  f 

vel,  conj.  aer,  erir,   3  m.  vel,  ro«/.    ignis,  *.r,    3    m*   vilj 
_  terra,  * ,  1  /. 

Wum,  innocens,  «ito,  adj.  et,  verecundus,  #,  «?«. 
Ifte,  a,  z^.  optimas,  dtfij,  3  w.  vocor,  at  us  fum,  1. 
Septem,  habeor,  itus  fum,  2.  fapiens,  /Ar.  vir,  zrz,  2  m. 
Varro,  eriftimo,  avi,  1.  doctus,  a,  um.  vir,  2  mu 
Cicero,  habeo,  ui9  2.  difertus,  a,  um. 
C  a 


i8-  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

Ariiiides  was  called  juft. 
Pompey  was  named  the  great. 
All  flavery  is  wretched. 
The  foldiers  deep  fecure. 
The  portion  was  twenty  talents. 
Bones  are  made  a  (tone. 
Blood  was  tears. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

He  defires  to  pour  out  all  his  blood* 

Have  you  obliged  the  crier  to  lie  i 

It  is  difficult  to  be  filent. 

My  grief  would  compel  me  to  anfwer. 

He  was  not  able  to  tell  their  names. 

What  tyrant  has  forbidden  the  unhappy  to  lament  ? 

You  are  accuftomed  to  call  yourfelf  a  Pythagorean. 

A  certain  fatal  calamity  feems  to  have  fallen  upon  and 
feized  the  improvident  minds  of  men. 

You  are  accuftomed  to  forget  nothing  but  injuries» 

Let  him  ceafe  to  oppofe  Brutus. 

They  have  endeavoured  to  renew  the  war. 

You  fcem  to  entertain  fome  hope. 

Philo  has  been  willing  to  overthrow- that  definition. 

They  de fire  to  confound  all  things. 
Cur  friend  Pomponius  feems  to  joke. 

Critolaus  chofe  to  imitate  the  ancients* 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  19 

ArifHdes,  voce,  avi,  1.  juftus,  a,  urn.  . 
Pompelus,  appello,  a<vi,  1.  magnus,  a,  urn. 
Omnis,  fervitus,  utis,  §f.  rnifcr,  era,  erum. .-. 
Miles,  */«■,  3  r.  dormio,  m,  4.  fecurus,  a,  um. 
Dos,  otis,  3/.  fum,  decern,  untentum,  /,  2  n. 
Os,  0^,  3  «.  fio,  irr.  lapis,  /V/V,  3  m. 
Sanguis,  inis,  3  m.  fum,  lachryma,  <e,  1  /. 


RULE  XXX. 

Cupio,  ivi,  3.  prof  undo,  udi,  3.  fanguis,  inis,  3  m.  fuus,  ar 

um.  omnis,  e. 
Cogo,  coegi,  3.   praeco,  onis,  3  m.  mentior,  mentitus  fum,  4? 

<£^. 
Sum,  difficilis,  r.  taceo  ui. 
Dolor,  oris,  3  ro.  meus  cogo,  egi,  3.  ego,  pron.  refpondeo^ 

i,  2. 
Non,  pofTum,  potui,  irr.  dico,  /#/,  3.  noman,  inis*  $  n.  is, 

ea,  id. 
Quis,  gw^,  $wV/.  tyrannus,  /,  2  m.  veto,  ui,  1.  mifer,  #,  wrc. 

lugeo,  uxi,  2. 
Soleo,  folitus  fum,  r.eut.  pajf.  dico,  </i*/*  3.  tu,/>n?/z..Pytha- 

goreus,  #,  z/w. 
Quidam,  quadam,  quoddam.  calamitas,  atis,  3  /.  fatalis,  e. 

video,  i,  2.  incido,  di,  3.  et,  con),  occupo,  avi,  1.  mens, . , 

entis,  $f.  improvidus,  a,  urn.  homo  inis,  3. 
Soleo,  folitus  fum,  2  neut.  pajf.  oblivifcor,  oblitus  fum,  3  dep. 

nihil,  zW<?r/.  nifi,  row/,  injuria,  #,  1  jk 
Defmo,  m,  &  ii,  3.  oppugno,  avi,  1.  Brutus,  /',  2  w. 
Conor,  at  us  fum,  1  *&/>.  renovo,  aw/,  1.  bellum,  i,  2  «. 
Videor,  vifusfum,  2.  habeo,  at,  2.  fpes,  ei,  5  f.  nonnullus, 

a,  um. 
Philo,  onis,  3  m.  volo,  volui,  irr.  everto,  /*',  3.  is,  ea,  id.  de- 

finitio,  onis,  3/.  . 

Cupio,  m,  3.  confundo,yW/,  3.  omnis, e. 
Ppmponius,  /',  2  m.  nofter,  a,  urn.  videor,  vifus  fum,  2.  jo-«* 

cor,  jocatus  fum.  1  dtp. 
Oitolaus,  t7  2  m.  volo,  volui,  trr>  imitor;  1  dep.  antiquus, 

0)  urn, , 


20  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

Pythian  Apollo  commands  us  to  know  ourfelves. 

The  mind  always  defires  to  do  fomething. 

I  do  not  dare  to  fay  that. 

Virtue  cannot  be  loft. 

We  are  able  to  confute  invidious  cenfurers. 

I  indeed  defire  to  hear  thefe  things. 

He  thinks  natural  law  to  be  divine. 

Who  can  know  thefe  things  ? 

It  was  difficult  to  leave  fo  gre.at  an  affair  unrmifhed^. 

You  dare  not  deny  that  there  are  Gods. 

Where  can  there  be   any  piety,   if  the  Gods  regard  not 

human  affairs  ? 
I  defire  to  hear  what  you  yourfelf  may  think. 

I  defire  not  to  be  thought  a  liar. 

I  fear,  left,  while  I  may  be  defirous  of  diminifhirig  my: 

labour,  I  may  increafe  it.- 
I  think  that  the  manners  of  the  citizens  are  changed. 

They  have  defired  to  murder  our  children. 
We  are  able  to  enjoy  many  other  pleafures. 

It  is  time  to  depart. 

There  was  a  defire  to.  know  fuch  great  things.  .     ■ 

He  took  this  occafion  to  write. 

I  gave  a  fign  to  come  to  the  God.  . 

Worthy  to  be  read. 

Defiring  to  die. 

Trees  that  will  not  grow. 

Not  knowing  to  fuffer  poverty. 

Defirous  to  begin  the  battle.... 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  21 

Pythius,  a,  um.    Apollo,  inis,  3  m.  jubeo,  jufft^  2.  nofco 

oyi,  3.  ego,  ipfe. 
Animus,  i,  2     m.  fcmper,  adv.  appeto,  i.  3.  ago,  egi,  3. 

aliquis,  a,  /V/. 
Non,  adv.  audeo,  aufus  fum,  2  nent.  pajf.  dico.  tx/,  3.  ea,  id. 
Virtus,  utis,  ^  f.  non,  adv.  polYumypotui,  irr.  amitto,  ifi,  3. 
PofTum,  irr.  confuto,  avi,  3.  vituperator,  oris,  3  m.  invi- 

dus,  <?,  um. 
T.^o,  pron.  vero,  tfJ?;.  cupio,  ivi,  3.  audio,  rat,  4.  iilc,  #, 

Cenfco,  z/i,  2.  lex,  3,  naturalis,  <r.  fum,  divLius*  .. 

Qui,  poflum,  agnofco,  ovi,  3.  is. 

Mum,  difficilis,  relinquo,  icui,  3.  res,  ei,  .5.  tantus  inchoa-i 

tus. 
Non,  audeo,  aufus  fum,  2.  nego.  aw,*  fum,  Deus. 
Quis,  pomim,  irr.  fum,  fantfitas,  <3//>,  3  /.  fi,  Deus,  «<?m. . 

plur.  Dii.  non,  euro,  #?>/.  humanus,  a,  um. 
Aveo,   2,  caret,  prei,  fif  y#/>.  audio,  quis,  tu,  ipfe,  <?,   1  m. 

fentio,  ire,  4. 
Ego,  cupio,  cupere  &  cupive,  3  &  4.  ego,  non,  puto, at'/,. 

1.  mendax,  ads,  adj. 
Vereor,  erOutfum  ne,  dum,.volo,  irr.  minuo,  w,  3.  labor, 

ow,  3  wz.  augeo,  0tt#f,  3. 
Ego,  />/w.  puto,  avi,  1.  mos,  or/x,  3  m.  ci vitas,  #/tV,  3/. 

mutor,  #r/,  1.  4 
Yolo,  lui,  irr.  trucido.  avi.  nofler,  liberi,  2  pK 
Poflum.  potui,  irr.  habeo,  ui,  2.  rnultus,  a,  un.  alias,  wv. 

deleclatio,  onis,  %  f. 
Tempus,  oris,  3  n.  fum,  abeo,  ivi,  4. 
Sum,  amor,  oris,  3  m.   cognofco,  nnvi,  3,   tam. 

.magnus,  a,  um.  cafus,  us,  4  m. 
Apprehendo,  di,  3.  occafio,  onis,  3/.  fcribo,  t£//,  3. 
Signum,  /',  2  «.  do,  dedi.  venio,  veni,  4.  Deus,  i,  m. 
Dignus,  a,  um.  legor,  legi. 
Cupidus5  a,  um,  morior,  mortuus  fum. 
Arbor,  oris,  3/.  indocilis,  e.  adj.  pafcor,  pqftus  fum* 
I n doc ili s,  e.  pauperies,  el,  §  f.  patior,  paffus  fum. 
Avidu?>  a-  um.  pugna,  it.  committo  if,  3. 


tt  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

CHAPTER  VII. 

The  glory,  of  the  Roman  people  is  concerned.- 

He  received  the  fruit  of  his  virtue. 

Obferve  the  boldnefs  of  the  man. 

He  heard  the  words  of  many  witnefles. 

They  expreiTed  the  care  and  the  grief  of  tEeir  minds. 

Do  you  dare  make  mention  of  the  Sempronian  law? 

You  fee  the  force  of  the  Agrarian  law. 
He  implores  not  the  ability  of  the  orator,  but  the  pro- 
tection of  the  conful. 
You  have  attempted  to  violate  the  liberty  of  this  people* 

You  have  defpifed  the  whole  authority  of  the  fenate. 

They  left  that  part  of  the  benches  empty. 

The*  images  of  the  immortal  gods,  and  the  ftatues  of 
ancient  men,  have  been  thrown  down. 

Protect  the  name  and  the  fafety  of  the  Roman  people. 

The  violence  of  the  wicked  has  deceived  my  expectation. 

You  have  defpifed  the  family  of  Murena,  you  have  ex- 
tolled ycnr  own. 
He  left  no  proof  of  avarice,  nor  luxury. 

I  will  not  fear  the  teftimcny  of  thefe  perfons, 

The  glory  of  virtue  confifts  in  action. 

I  know  the  cuftcm  of  the  men. 

The  caufe  of  all  good  men  is  the  fame. 

Ye  fee  the  diligence  of  the  Gauls. 

It  would  be  abfurd  to  make  no  mention  of  Sulla- 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  23 


RULE  VI. 

Gloria,  e,  1  /.  populus,  if  2  m.  Romanus,  a,  um.  ago, 

Capio,  cepl,  3.  fructus,  us,  4  in.  virtus,  utls,  3  f.  is,  ftf,  rtf* 

Video,  di,  2.  audacia,  #,  1  f.  homo,  inis,  3. 

Audio,  ivl,  4.  verbum,  f,   2  n.  teftis,  /V,  3    r.    multus, 

a,  &w. 
Significo,  tf<y/,  1.  cura,  <r,  2  /.  et,  conj.  dolor,  oris,  3  rru 

animus,  I,  2  m.  fuus,  <?,  um. 
Audeo,  aufus  fum,  2.  facio,  eel,  3.  mentio,  o«w,  3  f.    lex5 

^/jp,  3/.  Sempronius,  a,  um. 
Video  di,  2.  vis,  ins,  $f.  lex,  <f§7>-  3.  Agrarius,  #,  «w. 
Non,  adv.  imploro,  avi,  1.  ingenium,  /,  2  n.  orator,  oris, 

3  m.  fed,  «w/.  auxilium,  i,  2  n.  conful,  ulis,  3.  m. 
Conor,  atus  /urn,  1   dep.  violo,  avi,    1.  libertas,  atis,  3  jf. 

hie,  hac,  hoc.  populus,  i,  2  m. 
Negligo,  exi,  3.  authoritas,  atis,  3/.  omnis,**  fenatus,  us, 

4  m- 

Relinquo,  Iqui,  3.  pars,  arils,  3/.  ifte,  a,. id.  fubfellium, /, 

2  n.  inanis,  e. 
Simulacrum,  1,  2  n.  deus,  1,  2  m.  immortalis,  e.  et,  conj. 
ilatua,  a,  if.  homo,  has,  3.  antiquus,  a,  um.  dejicio, 

eci,  3. 
Confervo,  avi,  1.  nomen,  luls,^  n.  et,  conj.  falus,  utls,  3/. 

populus,  i,  2  in.  Romanus,  a,  um. 
Vis,  Is,  3  /.  improbus,  #,  um.  fallo,  fifelll,  3.  expeclatio, 

ew/'j,  3/.  meus,  a,  um. 
Contemno,  empji^  3.  genus,  frir,  3  n.  Murena,  <r,  1  m.  effe- 

ro,  extull,  3.  tuus,  a,  um. 
Relinquo,  iqui,  3,  veftigium,  I,  2  n.  nullus,  a,  um.  avari- 

tia,  a,  1  f.  neque,  adv.  luxuria,  a,  1  f. 
Non,  adv.  pertimefco,  timul,  3.  teftimonium,  I,  2  n.  hie, 

hac,  hoc. 
Laus,  audh,  3  f.  virtus,  utls,  $f.  confifto,  Jlitl,  3.  in,  actio* 

onh,  3/. 
Nofeo,  ovl,  3.  confuetudo,  mis,  3/.  homo,  inls,  3. 
Caufa,  #,  1/.  omnis,  e.  bonus,  a,  um.  Aim,  unus,  a,  um. 
Video  di,  2.  diligentia, .#,  if.  Gallus,  /,  2  m. 
Sum,  abfurdus,    a,  um.    facio,  ecl9  3.  mentio,  wis,  3  y. 

nullus,  a,  um.  Sulla,  a,  1  rru 


«4  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

-  You  defire  the  public  records  of  the  Heracleans. 

.Almoft  all  the  other  mr.giftrates  were  the  defenders  of 

my  fafety. 

Fonteius  had  the  power  of  life  and  death. 

Ye  fee  the  intolerable  boldncfs  of  the  man. 

I  do  not  now  complain  of  the  iniquity  of  the  law. 

You  have  avoided  the  fentence  of  the  law. 

There  was  no  fufpicion  of  bribery. 

This  was  the  difcourfe  of  all  men. 

Ye  fee  the  diligence  and  the  integrity  of  the  man. 

I  have  borne  the  cruelty  of  enemies,  the  wickednefs  of 
the  faithlefs,  the  deceit  of  the  envious. 

Nature    has   given    a   variety    of  many  moil    pleafing 

things. 
I  lay  aiide  the  remembrance  of  my  own  grief. 

This  is  the  caufe  of  all  thefe  crimes  and  wickednefs. 

Ye  know  their  virtue  and  diligence. 

So  great  is  the  power  of  virtue,  that  a  good  man  is 

happy. 
The  wiieil  men  faw  the  reafon  of  the  action. 

I  recommend  the  incredible  diligence  of  Pompey. 

He  was  the  common  enemy  of  all. 

There  was  no  appreheniion  of  a  war. 

It  is  a  crime  of  neceiiity,  not  of  inclination. 

I  was  always  the  promoter  of  peace. 
I  have  explained  the  caufe  of  my  return. 
I  have  defpifed  the  fword  of. Catiline  ;  I  will  not  fear 
your  contempt. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  25 

Defidero,  avi,   1.  tabula,*?,   if.  publicus,  a,  um.  Hera- 

clienfis,  e. 
Pcene,  adv.  omnis,  e.  reliquus,  a,  um.    magiftratus,  usf 

4  m.  fum,  defenfor,  oris,   3   m.  falus,  utis,  3  f  meus 

a,  um. 
Fonteius,  /',  2  m.  habeo,  ui,  2.  poteftas,  atis,  3/.  vita,  a, 

1  f  et,  co«/.  nex,  eels,  $f 
Video,  if  2.  audacia,  a,  if.  intolerabilis,  e.  homo,  inis,  3  r. 
Neque,  adv.    ego,  />ro«.  nunc,  adv.  queror,  quflus  fum, 

3  dep.  iniquitas,  atis,  3/.  lex,  egis,  $  f. 
Fugio,  /,  3.  fententia,  a,  1  /.  lex. 

Sum,  fufpicio,  onis,  3/.  nullus,  a,  um,  largitio,  onis,  $f. 
Hie,  fum,  fermo,  onis,  3  m,  omnis,  e. 
Video,  /',   2.  fedulitas,  atis,  3/.  et,  conj.  integritas,  atis9 

3  f.  vir,  iri,  2  w. 
Perfero,  tuli,  irr.  crudelitas,  atis,  3  /.  inimicus,  /,    2  w. 

fcelus,    eris,    3   /7.    infidelis,  e.    fraus,   dis,   3  y*.   invi- 

dus,  a,  um, 
Natura,  a,   if.  do,  dedi,   1.  varietas,  atis,  3/.  multus, 

#,  um,  jucundus,  a,  um,  res,  ret,  5  f. 
Depono,y^/,  3.  memoria,  a,  if.  dolor,  oris,  3  m,  meus, 

a,  um. 
Hie,  fum,  caufa,  a,  1  f,  crimen,  inis,  3  n.  hie,  omnis,  e. 

et,  ^w/.  fcelus,  eris,  3  w. 
Cognofco,   ow,    3.   virtus,    j///V,   3  /.    is,  ea,  id.    et,  £077/. 

diligentia,  <z,  if. 
Tantus,  a,  um,  fum,  vis,  vis,  3  /.  virtus,  uiis,  3  y.  ut, 

conj,  vir,  /;v,  2  m,  bonus,  a,  um,  fum,  felix. 
Sapiens,  entis,  adj,   3.  video,  i,  2.  ratio,  o;;/V,   3  y*.    fac- 
tum, /,  2  /2. 
Laudo,  aw,  1.  diligentia,  a,  1  /.  incredibilis,  e.  Pom- 

peius,  /,  2  m. 
Sum,  hoftis,  //;  3  c,  communis,  e,  omnis,  e. 
Sum,  fufpicio,  onis,  $f.  nullus,  a,  um,  bellum,  /,  2  n. 
Sum,  crimen,  inisy  3  n,    neceffitas,  atis,    3  y*.   non,   adv, 

voluntas,  atis,  3  f. 
Semper,  adv.  fum,  author,  oris,  3  m.  pax,  <7f/>,  3  /. 
Expono,/^/,  3.  caufa,  <e,  if.  reditus,  us,  4  m.  meus. 
Contemno,  ^^,  3.  gladius,  /,   2  w.    Catilina,  a,   1   w. 

non,  ^«y.  pertimefco,  tlmui,   3.  contemptus,   &r,   4   w* 

tuus,  #,  #/«. 


D 


26  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

They  have  deferted   that  enemy  and  robber  and  parri- 
cide of  his  country. 
We  defend  die  temples  of  the  immortal  Gods. 

The  name  of  peace  is  fweet. 

The  fafety  of  Brutus  is  the  end  of  this  war. 

The  perverfenefs  of  mankind  is  incredible. 
He  has  pafTed  the  bounds  of  modefly. 
The  fecure  recollection   of  pad  grief  contains  a  plea- 
fur  e. 
I  will  draw  up  commentaries  of  all  the  particulars. 

I  have  perceived  the  firmnefs  and  dignity  of  your  mind* 

No  bound  cr  end  of  vain  defires  can  be  found. 

Money  is  the  procurer  of  many  and  great  pleafures. 

Let  the    acquifition   of  pleafure   be   as  great  as    you 

pie  ale. 
I  hear  the  voic«  of  a  philofopher. 
The  pleafure  of  the  mind  is  greater  than  the  pleafure  of 

the  body. 
The  remembrance  of  paft  misfortunes  is  pleafmg. 

The  beginnings  of  all  things  are  fmall. 

Carefully  turn  over  that  book  of  his. 

The  confent  of  all  is  the  voice  of  reafon. 

i 
He  reckons  up  the  inconve  liences  of  human  life. 

The  culture  of  the  mind  is  philofophy. 
I  think  pain  the  greater!;  of  all  evils. 

The  force  of  cuftom  is  great. 

The  two  greateft  gifts  of  fortitude  are,  the  contempt  of 
pain,  and  of  death. 

Wi'fdom  is  the  health  of  the  mind. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  27 

Relinquo,  iqui,  3  n.  hoftis,  is,  e,  3.  illa>  /7,  ul.  et,  latro, 

0/2/J-,  3  m.  et,  parricida,  *,  x  m.  patria,  a,  1  /. 
Nos,  defendo,  J/,  3.  templum,  /',  2  «.  Deus,  /,  2  m.  im- 

mortalis,  <?. 
Nomen,  inis,  3  «.  pax,  acts,  3/.  fum,  dulcis,  <». 
Salus,  wis,  3/.  Brutus,  /,  2  m.  fum,  confeclio,  o//;V,  3  */. 

hie,  bellum,  /,  2  /2. 
Perverfitas,  £/;>,  3  f,  homo,  tnis9  3  ^.  fum,  incredihilis,  e. 
Tranfeo,  ivl0  4.  finis,  &9  ym.  modeftia,  a,  if 
Recordatio,  ortts9   5  f  fecurus,  a,  um.  dolor,  oris,   3  m* 

praeteritus,  a,  um.  habeo,  ui,  2.  delectatio,  onis9  3/. 
Conficio,   ecl9    3.    commentarius,   /,  2  m.    res,   ci,    5  f 

omnis,  e. 
Perfpicio,  exi9  &eci'9  3.  flrmitudo,  inu9  $f  et,  dignkas,  atis9 

$f.  animus,  ;',  2  m.  tuus,  a,  um. 
Modus,  /,  2  m.  aut,  rs/z/.  finis,  is9  3  w.  nullus,  #,  um.  cupi- 

ditas,  o/jlr,  3/.  inanis,.*.  poffam9fotui.  irr.  invenio,  /',  4« 
Pecunia,  a,   1  /.  fum,  gffectrix,  icis9  3  jT.  voluptas,  atis9 

$f  multus,  a9  um.  et,  magnus,  a,  um. 
Sum,  comparatio,  oni.?,  3  /*.  voluptas,  atis,  3/.  tarn,  #A\ 

facilis,  e.  quam,  adv.  volo,  a/,  irr. 
Audio,  ivi,  4.  vox,  ocis,  3  /.  philofophus,  /,  2  w. 
Voluptas,  <s/;V,  3/.  animus,  ;,  2  bfc  funr,  magnus,  a,  urn. 

major,  maxi.nus.  quam,  corpus,  oris,  3  n. 
Memoria,  a,  1  f  malum,  /,  2  n.  prasteritus,  a,  um.  fum, 

jucundus,  a,  um. 
Brincipium,  i,  2  «.'res,  eiY  $ f.  omnis,  e.  fum,  parvus, 

a,  um. 
Diligenter,  adv.  evolvo,  vi9  3.  is,  en,  uk  liber,  ri,  2  m. 

is,  ea,  id. 
Confenfus,  us,  4  m.  omnis,  e.  fum,  vox,  ocis,  3  f  ratio, 

c^/V,  3  y. 
Enumero,  a*»*,  i.  incommodum,  i,  2  n.  vita,  a,  if.  hu- 

manus,  tf,  um. 
Cultura,  a,  1  y*.  animus,  /',  2  wi.  fum,  philofophia,  a,  1  f. 
Exiflimo,  avl,  1.  dolor,  oris.  3  m.  magnus,  a,  um.  ma- 
lum, f  2  «.  omnis,  e. 
Vis,  itfij  3/.  confuetuJo,  inis,  3/.  fum,  magnus,  #,  um. 
Munus,  eris,  3  «.  duo,  magnus,  a,  tun.  fortitudo,  inis,  $f. 

fum,  contemptus,  as,  4  m.  dolor,  ww,  3  m*  et,  mors, 

or/w,  3/. 
Sapientia,  e,  if.  fum,  fanitas,  atis,  3/.  mens,  «tfir,  3/ 


18  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

The  mind  of  a  wife  man  will  always  be  undifturbed. 

The  imitation  of  virtue  is  emulation. 

This  fifth  day  will  make  an  end  of  the  Tufculan  difpu- 

tations. 
I  fear  the  weaknefs  and  frailty  of  human  nature. 

The  royal  virgins  fhaved  the  beard  and  the  hair  of  their 

own  father. 
He  perceives  the  motions  and  revolutions  of  the  whole 

univerfe. 
Deaf  men  do  not  hear  the  voice  of  the  harper. 

No  art  can  imitate  the  cunning  of  nature. 

The  name  of  Apollo  is  Greek. 

How  great  is  the  variety  of  living  creatures ! 

The  pilot  blames  the  violence  of  the  ftorm. 

The  variety  of  opinions,  and  the  difagreement  of  men, 
diflurbs  us. 

The  ignorance  of  future  evils  is  better  than  the  know- 
ledge. 

The  foundation  of  juflice  is  good  faith. 

Every  mode  and  plan  of  life  requires  the  affiftance  of 
mankind. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

I  have  not  dared  to  write  to  Csefar  on  account  of  his  en- 
gagements. 
He  accompliflied  this  by  the  death  of  another  body. 

Do  you  efteem  me  cruel,  inhuman,  fevere,  beyond  other 

perfons  ? 
Publius  Sextius  undertook  a  journey  to  Csefar  for  my 

fafety. 
You  have  gardens  at  the  Tyber. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  29 

Mens,  fapiens,  entti}  3.  femper,  adv.    fum,    tranquillus, 

a,  urn* 
Imitatio,  onis,  3  /.  virtus,  utis,   3  /.  fum,   aemulatio,  onis, 

3  /•  .  ,  .     .    e . 

Hie,  dies,  ti\  5  m.  quintus,  a,  um.  facio,  #:/,  3.  finis,  3  w. 

difputatio,  07z/\r,  3/.  Tufculanus,  a,  um. 
Extimefco,  timui,  2.  imbecilitas,  atis,  3  /*.  et,  fragilitas, 

atis,  3/.  genus,  eris,  3  /z.  humanus,  #,  um. 
Virgo,  inis,   3/.  regius,  a,  um.  tondeo,  totondi,  2,  barba, 

a,  1  /.  et,  capillus,  i,   2  ??2.  pater,  ris,  3  ;w.  fuus,  #,  um. 
Pcrcipio,  epi,   3.  motus,  us,  4  w.  et,  converfio,  onis,  3/. 

mundus,  r,  2  m,  totus,  n,  wm. 
Surd  us,  #,   j/w,  non,    audio,  vox,  oris,  3  /.  citharaedus, 

i,  2  m. 
Ars,  artis,   3/.  nullus,  #,  ?^m.  poflum, /o/k/,  /rr.  imitor, 

atus  fum,  1  *&/.  folertia,  a,  1  /.  natura,  <? ,  1  f. 
Nomen,  inis,  3  n.  Apollo,  inis,  3  w.  fum,  Graecus,  a,   um. 
Quantus,  a,  um.  fum,  varietas,  atis,  3/.  animans,  antis, 

adj. 
Gubernator,  oris,   3  m.  accufo,  avi,  1.  vis,  «y/V,  3/.  tem- 

peftas,  atis,  3  /. 
Varietas,  atis,  3/.  opinio,  0^  3/.  et,  diffentio,  onis,  3/. 

homo,  perturbo,  avi.  ego,  pron. 
Ignoratio,  onis,   3  f.  futurus,  a,  um.  malum,  /,  2  n,  fum, 

utilis,  e.  quam,  fcientia. 
Fundamentum,  i,  2  n.  juftitia,  ^,  I /.fum,  fides,  ei,  5  f. 
Ratio,  onis,  3/.  cmnis,  e.  et,  inftitutio,  onis,  3/.  vita,  <?,  I 

f.  defidero,  avi,  1.  adjumentum,  i,  2  n.  homo,  inis,  3  c. 


RULE  XLII. 

Non,  audco,  aufis  fum,  2.  fcribo,  fcripjl,  3.  ad,  Caefar,  arts, 

3  m.  propter,  occupatio,  onis,  3  f.  fuus,  #,  z/w. 
Perficio,  eci,  3.  hie,  per,  mors,  oriis,  3  /.  corpus,  or/j,  3 

«.  alius,  r/,  «*/. 
Exiftimo,  avi,  1.  ego,  crudelis,  e.  inhurrrarius,  '&,  um.  af- 

per,  a,  um.  praster,  caeterus,  a,  um. 
Puolius,  i,  2  m.  Sextius,  /',  2  m.  fufcipio,  epi,  3.  iter,  ttini» 

ris,  3  n.  ad,  Caefar,  ob,  falus,  utis,  $f.  meus,  a,  um. 
Habco,  ui,  2.  hortus,  i,  2  m.  ad,  Tyber,  erist  3. 
P   4 


i 


30  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

Did  the  father  recommend  this  boy  for  this  purpofe  i 

The    legions  determined  to  defend  the    fenate  againft 

Anthony. 
Your  fortune  invites  you  to  eafe  and  dignity. 

I  knew  your  difpofition  to  me  before  the   civil  war. 


CHAPTER  IX. 

He  fpoke  of  the  nature  of  the  war. 

He  could  not  fee  her  without  the  greateft  grief. 

He  is-faid  to  have  fallen  from  his  horfe. 
I  am  afraid  to  fpeak  of  myfelf  before  you. 

They  undertook  the  bufmefs  without  any  delay* 

They  took  up  arms  for  their  common  fafety. 

Think  of  yourfelves  and  children. 

My  brother  determined  according  to  his  equity  and  pruT 

dence. 
All  good  men,  of  all  ranks  aud  orders,  join  my  fafety 

to  their  own. 

He  fpoke  with  a  low  voice  of  the  wickednefs  of  Lentu- 
lus,  of  the  boldnefs  of  all  the  confpirators. 

In  fo  great  a  cloud  of  error  and  ignorance,  you  hold 
out  the  cleareft  light  to  my  underitanding. 

I  reft  the  whole  caufe  on  your  clemency  and  humanity» 

He  joined  my  caufe  with  the  common  fafety. 

He  was  tribune  of  the  foldiers  in  Macedonia, 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  31 

Parens,  entis,  3,  c.  commendo,  avi,  1.  hie,  huer,  eri,  2  m. 

ob,  hie,  caufa,  a,  1  f 
Legio,  on'is,  3  f  difcerno,  crevi>  3.  defendo,  /,  3.  fenatus, 

us,  4  m.  contra,  Antonias,  /,  2.  m. 
Fortuna,  a,  1  /.  vefter,  tra,  trum.   invito,  avi,   1.  tu,  ad, 

otium,  i,  2  n.  et,  dignitas,  ails,  3  /. 
Agnofco,  ovi,  3.  animus,  i,  2  m.  tuus,  a,  urn.  erga,  ego, 

ante,  bellum,  i,  2  n.  civilis,  e,  adj. 


RULE  XLIII. 

Dico,  ixi,  3.  de,  natura,  <r,  1  /.  bellum,  /',  2  n. 

Nequeo,  ivi,   4.   video,  di,  2.   ille,  fine,    dolor,  oris,  3  /w. 

maximus,  #,  um. 
Dico,  ixi,  3.  cado,  cecidi,  3.  ex,  equus,  /,  2  f/z.  fuus,  a,  #w, 
Vereor,  vtritus  /urn,  2.  dico,  ixi,  3.  de,  ego,  ipfe,  apud, 

tu. 
Sufcipio,  epi,  3.  negotium,  t\  2  n.  fine,  mora,  a,  1  /.  ul- 

lus,  a,  um. 
Capio,  epi,   3.  arm  a,  orum,  2  n.  pL  pro,  falus,  utis,    $f. 

communis,  e. 
Cogito,  avi,  1.  de,  tu,  et,  liberi,  orum,  2  m.  pi. 
Frater,  tris,  3  m.  decerno,  crevi,   3.  pro,  equitas,  atis,  $f 

et,  prudentia,  a,  if.  fuus,  a,  um. 
Omnis,  e.  bonus,  a,  um.  genus,  eris,  3  n.  omnis,  e.  et,  or- 

do,  inis,  3  m.  conjungo,  unxi,   3.  falus,  utis,  3  f.  cum, 

fuus,  a,  urn, 
Dico,  ixi,  3.  cum,  vox,  ocis,  3/.    fupprefTus,  a,  um.  pari^ 

de,  fcelus,  eris,  3  n.  Lentulus,V,  2  m.  de,  audacia,  <z,  if 

confpirator,  oris,  3  w.  omnis,  e. 
In,  tenebras,  #n/?w,  1  f  pi.  tantus,  a,  urn.  error,:  oris,  3  w». 

et,  ignorantia,  a,  1  y*.  pnefero,  full,  irr.  lumen,  inis,  3  n< 

clarus,  a,  urn.  mens,  entis,  3/. 
Repono,  fui,  3.  caufa,  a,  1  /.  totus,  a,  urn.  in,  manfue- 

tudo,  inis,  $  f.  et,  humanitas,  aiis,  3/.  vefter. 
Conjungo,  z/wxi,  3.  caufa,  a,  if.  meus,  a,  urn.  cum,  falus, 

utis,  3/.  communis,  e. 
Sum,  tribunus,  i,  2  m.  miles,  itis,  3  c.  in;   Macedonia, 

*,  if 


32  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

Sextius  followed  Anthony  with  that  army  with  the  great- 
eft  hafte. 

An  incredible  multitude  came  together  into  the  capitol, 
from  the  whole  city,  and  all  Italy. 


CHAPTER  X. 

He  defires  to  make  progrefs  in  learning. 
The  kinedom  is  in  the  power  cf  the  enemy- 
*    He  put  an  end  to  a  very  great  war  in  Africa. 

The  poifon  flows  into  all  parts  of  his  body. 

Many  and  weighty  thoughts  are  in  my  mind. 

I  took  the  law  into  my  hands  with  this  difpofition. 

You  chofe  to  go  into  a  province. 

He  placed  his  own  family  in  poileflion  of  her  farm. 

On  account  of  fo  great  a  difference  of  the  men,  and 
their  caufes,  I  have  behaved  myfeif  differently  to- 
wards each  of  them. 

All  Italy  called  me  back  to  my  country. 

I  was  unwilling  to  undertake  the  affair,  againft  an 
armed  force,  without  the  protection  cf  the  people. 

A  Have  of  Clodius  has  been  feized  in  the  temple    of 

Caftor.  « 

He  endeavoured  to  make  an  attack  upon  the  province 

of  Brutus  with  an  army. 

They  reduced  the  moil  warlike  nations  under  the  pow- 
er of  this  empire. 

We  will  fupport  our  dignity  in  the  fenate. 

The  fhepherds  came  under  the  mountains  with  their 
flocks. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  33 

Sextius,  1,  2  m.  confequor,  utus  fum,  3.   Anton! us,  r,  2  m. 

cum,  exercitus,  z/x,  4  m.  ille,  celeritas,  #/;>,  jy*.  fum- 

mus,  #,  ww. 
Multitude,  inis,  3  /.  incredibilis,  <•.   convenio,  i,  4.    in, 

capitolium,  i,  2  ;/.   ex,  omnis,  c.  civitas,  atis,  3  y.   et, 

Italia,  a,  1  y.  cunctus,  a$  urn. 


RULE  XLIV. 

Cupio,  zW,  4.  progreTus,  »/,  4  01.  in,  liters,  tfrz/m,  1  y.  />/. 
Regnum,  z,  2  n.  fum,  in,  poteftas,  atis,  $f.  hoftis,  is,  3  r. 
Conficio,  £<:i,  3.  bellum,  /,  2  w.  maximus,  #,  um.  in,  Afri- 
ca, <*,  1  f. 
Venenum,  f,  2  a.  permano,  aw,  1.  in,  pars,  artis,  3/.  om- 
nis, f.  corpus,  oris,  3  /z. 
Cogitatio,  onis,  3  /.  multus,  <i,  um.  et,  gravis,  <*.  fum,  in, 

animus,  i,  2  w.  meus,  a,  um. 
Sumo,  umpfi,  3.  lex,  egls,  3  y.  in,  manus,  us,  4/.  hie, 

animus,  i,  2  m. 
Volo,  ui,  irr.  eo,  vol,  4.  in,  provincia,  a,  1  y. 
Colloco,  avi,  1.  familia,  ^,  1  f  fuus,  #,  «w.  in,  poffeffio, 

onis,  $f.  fundum,  i,  2  n.  is,  *Y7,  ir/. 
Propter,  diffimilitudo,  hits,    3  y.    tantus,    a,  um.    homo, 

inis,  3  c.  et,  caufa,  ^,    1  f.  praebeo,  ui,  2.  ego;   diiTimi- 

lis,  e.  in,  uterque,  traque,  truntque. 
Italia,  £,  if  cunctus,  a,  um\  revoco,  avi,  1.  ego,  in,  pa- 

tria,  a,  1  f 
Nolo,  irr.   fufcipio,  epi,  3.   c?aifa,  a,  if.   contra,  vis,  vis, 

3/.   armatus,  a,  um.  fine,  praefidium,  L  2  n.  populus, 

f,  2  m. 
Servus,  i,  2  m.  Clodius,  /,   2  m.  comprehendo,  di,  3.  in, 

tern  plum,  i,  2  n.  Caftor,  oris,  3  m, 
Conor,  uius  fum,    1.  facio,  ecf,   3.  impetus,  us,  4  m.  in, 

provincia,   a,    1  /.    Brutus,   i,    2    zw.    cum,    exercitus,' 

zap,  4  w. 
Redigo,  £§7,  3.  gens,  entis,  3  f.  bcllicofus,  a,  um.  in,  ditio, 

onis,  3  f.  hie,  imperium,  7,  2  «. 
Ego,  retineo,  z/i,  2.  dignitas,  #/«,  3^.  in,  fenatus,  us,  4  zw. 
Paftor,  oris,  3  m.  venio,  vVft/,  4.  fub,  mons,  o^//V,  3  m. 

cum,  grex,  ovV,  3  m.  fuus,  #,  urn. 


34  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

The  giants  were  buried  under  great  mountains. 

The  fnow  falls  upon  the  hills. 

The  foldiers  fat  down  upon  the  grafs,  nigh  the  fhore. 

The  £irls  danced  under  a  tree* 


CHAPTER  XL 

There  will  be  a  great  difpute  among  thofe  whofiiall  be' 

born,  as  there  has  been  among  us. 
The  careful  hufbandman  plants  trees  of  which  he  will 

never  fee  the  fruits. 
I  have  read  your  letter,  in  which  I  perceive  your  fin- 

gular  affection  for  me. 
I  received  a  letter  from  Dolabella,  of  which  I  have  fent 

a  copy. 
Confider  this  animal  which  we  call  man. 

Of  fo  many  different  kinds,  there  is  no  animal  but  man 
which  has  any  knowledge  of  God. 

Who  ever  has  been  found  that  blamed  my  confulfhip, 

except  Clodius  ? 
They  coiled  many  things  which  have  been  faid  in  thofe 

boohs. 
Thofe  things  are  defired  which  are  according  to  our 

nature. 
They  fuppofed  that  the  man  who  was  eminent  for  wif- 

dom,  had  been  a  fcholar  of  Pythagoras. 
Dicaearchus  has  written  three   books  which  are  called 

Lefbiachs. 
I  will  fend  you  the  orations,  both  thofe  you  defire,  and 
*      fome  more. 
There  is  now  no  nation  which  we  may  fear. 
Let  us  b^gin  from  that  which  I  firif  laid  down* 
It  is  ridiculous  to  feek  after  what  we  cannot  attain. 

They  are  happy  whom  no  fears  affright. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  35 

Cigas,    anlisy    3    m.  fepelio,  •  ivl,  4.  fub,  ingcns,  fir,  adj. 

monSj  on/ is,  3  m. 
Nix,  w/^/j-,  3/.  cado,  cecldi,  3.  fuper,  collis* ;//,  3  m. 
Miles,  itis,  3  m.  ctifeumbo,  cului,  3.  fuper, gramen,  tmtt 

3  a.  fubter,  littus,  otis,/$  n. 
Puclla,  a,  if.  falto,  at»,  I.  fub,  arbor,  oris,  3/- 


RUL"E  LVII. 

JSum,  diffentio,  0^4  3  /.  magnu?,  a,  um.  inter,  is,  qui, 
nafcor,  at  us  fum,  3.  ilcut,  fum,  inter,  ego. 

Agricola,  a,  1  w.   diligens,  fero,  fevl,  3.  arbor,  oris,  $f. 
qui,  ipfe,  nunquarp,  afplcio,  xi,  3.  bacca,  ^,  if. 

Lego,  literae,  arum,  1  f  pi.  tuus,  in,  qui,  recognofco,  ovi, 
3.  amor,  oris,  3  m.  miriflcus,  a,  um.  tuus,  in,  ego. 

Accipio,    epiyg*  liters,  Dolabella,  a,   1   m.    qui,   mitto, 
If,  3.  exempluin,  },  2  n. 

Video,  di,   2.  hie,  animal,  alls,   3   //.   qui,  veco,  avh    *• 

homo,  Inis,  3  c. 
-Ex,,  tot,  genus,  ais,  3  ti.  varius,  a,  um.    nullus,  a,  um. 
fum,  animal,  prSeter,  homo,  qui,  habeo  ul,  2.  notitia, 
(B,  1  f.  aliquis,  qua,  quid.  Deus,  *,  Irr. 

Quis?  invenio,  van.  qui,  vitupero,  avl,  1.  meus,.  coniula- 
tas,  us,  4  m.  praeter,  Clodius,  1,  2  m. 

Colligo,  egl,  3.  mukus,  a,  um.  qui,  dico,  Ixl,  3.  in?  hie,  li- 
ber, i,  2  m. 

Is,  appeto,  ivl,  3.  qui,  fum,  fecundum,  natura,  a,  1  f. 

Credo,  didl,  3.  is,  qui,  excello,  ul,  3.  fapientia,  <z,   1  f 

fum,  auditor,  oris,  3  m.  Pythagoras,  e,  1  m. 
Dicsearchus,  i,  2  m.  fcribo,  ipf,   3.    tres,   irr.  liber,    /7, 

2  m.  qui,  vceor,  Lefbiafus,  a,  um. 
Mitto>  oratiuncula,    e,    1  f.  et,  qui,  poftulo,  avl,   1.  et, 

plus,  etiam. 
Jam,  fum,  natio,  onts,  3/.  nullus,  qui,  pertimefco. 
Ordior,  orfus  fum,  4.  ab,  is,  qui,  primum,  pono,y^/,  3. 
+  Sum,  ridiculus,  a,  um.  qusero,  frol,  3.  is,  qui,  non,  pot 

fum,  habeo,  ul,  2. 
Ille,  fum,  beatus,  a,  um.  qui,  timor,  oris,   3  m.  terreo5 

ui,  2. 


36  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

We  are  not  thofe  to  whom  .nothing  appears  to  be  true. 

There  are  many  things  probable,  by  which  the  life  of  a 

wife  man  ought  to  be  regulated. 
I  fee  nothing  elie  which  we  may  be  able  to  do. 

CHAPTER  XII. 

She  does  not  fear  your  filent  thoughts. 

Pompey  very  greatly  approved  of  my  confulihip. 

I  love  the  man  greatly. 

You  indeed  alledge  a  probable  rcafon. 

You  will  eafily  avoid  hatred. 

Some  one  will  fay,    Is  this  then  your  inftrudtion  ?    do 

you  fo  teach  the  young  men  ? 
I  willingly  except  and  .diftinguifh  thefe  men. 

They  have  defired  great  things,  and  very  much  to  be  ex- 
pected. 

Yet  he  praifed  them  very  greatly. 

I  wiih  I  could  eafily  find  cut  the  truth. 

My  letters  are  not  of  that  fort  that  I  may  dare  trufl  them 
inccnfiderately.. 

The  tribune  elect  of  the  people  loves  me  very  well. 

Both  himfelf  and  his  friends,  and  many  afterwards,  have 

been  the  defended  of  that  opinion. 
That  is  molt  ufual. 

But  if  we  would  determine  truly.  < 

The  divorce  of  Mucia  is  ilrongly  approved  of. 

He  was  afterwards  made  praetor  and  conful. 

What  the  caufe  might  have  been  I  mail  fee  hereafter. 
The  greatnefs  of  his  genius  wanted  not  the  inftruclion 
of  practice. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  37 

Non,  fum,  is,  qui,  nihil,  videor,  vifus  /um,  2.  fum,  verus, 

a,  um. 
'Sum,  multus,  a,  um.  probabilis,  e.  qui,  vita,  a,  i  f.  fa- 

piens  debeo,  uu  rego,  cxi,  3. 
Video,  di,  2.  nihil,  alms,  a,  ud.  qui,  poflum,  facio,  eci,  3, 


RULE  XXXIX. 

Non,  timefco,.w/,  3.  cogitatio,  onis,  3/.  vefter,  tra,  trum. 
tacitus,  a9  um. 

Pompeius,  s,  2  m.  maxime,  probo,  avi,  1.  confulatus,  us, 
4  m.  meus,  a9  um. 

Diligo,  exi9  3.  homo,  our,  3  a  valde. 

Tu,  quidem,  afFero,  attuli9  irr.  caufa,  a,  if  probabilis,  e. 

Facile,  vito,  avi9  1.  odium,  /,  2  n. 

/Aliquis,  a9  id.  dico,  ixi9  3.  Sum,  hie,  igitur,  difciplina,  a, 
1  f.  tuus,  a,  um  P  Sic,  inftituo,  ui9  3.  juvenis,  /V,  3  r  r* 

Libenter,  excipio,  epi,  3.  et,  fecerno,  fecrevi,  3.  homo* 
i«//,  3  c.  hie. 

Concupifco,  /W,  3.  res,  ei,  5  f.  magnus,  a,  um.  et,  mag- 
nopere,  expeclandus,  a,  um. 

Tamen,  laudo,  avi,  1.  is,  ea9  id.  maxime. 

Utinam,  facile,  poffum,  invenio,  eni9  4.  verus,  a,  um. 

Litene,  arum,  1  f.  meus,  a9  um.  non,  fum,  is,  ea9  id.  ge- 
nus, eris9  2  n.  ut,  audeo,  aufus  fum,  2.  committo,  ift9  3. 
is,  temere. 

Tribunus,  /,  2  m.  plebs,  ebis,  3  f.  defignatus,  a,  urn.  di- 
ligo, exi,  3.  ego,  valde. 

Et,  ipfe,  a9  um.  et,  amicus,  /,  2  w.  is^et,  multus,  a9  um. 


poftea,  fum,  defenfor,  oris,  3  m.  {enfia,  a,  1  /.  hic^*  ■ 
Is,  plerumque,  contingo,  g\,  3.  A 

~Si,  vero,  volo,  irr.  judico,  avi9  1.  vere. 
Divortium,  /,  2  n.  Mucia,  ce9   1  f.  vehementer,  probo, 

avi,  1. 
Poftea,  fio,  fadus  fum,  irr.  prxtov,  oris,   3  m.  et,  confirlf 

ulis,  3  m. 
Quis,  caufa,  a,  if.  fum,  video,  vidi,  2.  mox. 
jMagnitudo,  «w,  3/.  ingenium,  f,  2  /?.  non,  defidero,  avi^ 

A*  difciplina,  a,  if.  ufus,  us,  4  m. 
E 


38  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 


SHORT   EXERCISES. 

RULE    I. 

OTHO,  a  brave  man,  my  friend,  reflored  dignity. 
We  have  fent  a  conful,  a  very  brave  man,  with 

an  army. 
Philofophy,  the  mother  of  all  the  arts,  is  the  invention 

of  the  Gods. 
Let  us  confider  nothing  evil  which  is  appointed  either 

bv  the  immortal  Gods,  or  by  nature,  the  parent  of 

all        ; 
What  (hail  I  fay. to. my  children,  who  regard  you  as 

another  parent  ? 
We  have  the  conful's  friends,  and  Furnius,  the  tribune 

of  the  people,  on  our  fide. 
How  often  have  you  endeavoured  to  kill  me  when  I 

was  conful  elect !  how  often  when  conful ! 
Cato  calls  Murena  a  dancer. 
Philofophers,  the  teachers  of  virtue,  have  been  foundi 

who  fay  that  pain  is  the  completion  of  evil. 
Brutus,    the  noble  founder  of  your  family,   freed   his 

country. 
The  philofophers  call  all  difturbances  of  the  mind  dif- 

eafes. 
There  is  one  refource,  ftudy  and  reading. 
Your  letters  have  made  me  a  complete  general, 

RULE    II. 

I  will  now  add  a  few  words  to  the  reft  of  your  difcourfe. 
We  defire  to  find  the  truth,  without  any  contention. 
Right  reafon  invites  thofe  who  are  in  their  fenfes,  to 

juflice,  equity,  fidelity. 
There  remains  one  kind  of  cenfurers. 
Death  is  fhameful  in  flight,  glorious  in  victory. 

RULE    III, 

The  liberty  of  the  Roman  people  is  at  ftake. 

What  tyrant  has  forbidden  us  to  pity  the  unfortunate  i 

The  inclinations  of  the  citizens  were  different. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  Sf 


o 


SHORT    EXEPvCISES. 

RULE  I. 

THO,  vir  fortis,  meus  neceffarius,  rcftituo  dignitas. 
Mitto  conful,  vir  fortiflimus,  cum  exercitus. 


Philofophia,  mater  omnis  ars,  Aim  inventum  Deus. 

Dugo  nihil  in  malum  qui  fom  conftitutus,  vel  a  Dii  im- 
mortalis,  vel  a  natura,  parens  omnis. 

Quis  refpondeo  liberi  meus,  qui  puto  tu  p'arens  alter  l&**r**™ 

Habeo  conful  amicus,  et  Furnius,  tribunus  plebs,  nofler. 

Quoties  tu  volo  interficio  ego  defignatus  !   quoties  conful ! 

Cato  appello  Murena  faltator. 

Philofophus,  magifter  virtus,  invenio,  qui  dico  dolor  fum- 

mum  malum. 
Brutus,  praeclarus  auftornobiiitas  tuus,  libero  patria. 

Philofophus  appello  perturbatio  omnis  animus  morbus.  - 

Sum  unus  perfugium,  doclrina  et  literae. 
Liters  tuus  reddo  ego  dux  fummus. 

RULE  IL 

Nunc  dico  pauci  ad  reliquus  oratio  tuus» 

Volo  invenio  verus,  fine  ullus  contentio. 

Ratio  verus  invito  bene  fenus,  ad  juftitia,  equitas,  fides. 

Refto  unus  genus  reprehenfor. 

Mors  fum  faedus  in  fuga,  gloriofus  in  vicloria. 

RULE  III. 

Libertas  populus  Romanus  ago. 
Quis  tyrannus  veto  lugeo  mifer. 
Voluntas  civis  fum  diverfus. 


4©  AN  INTRODUCTION  TOP 

Fe.-.r 

Tin 

Oi:v 

No  one  interrupts  mc  ;  all  refpeQ  me. 

The  dicr.ity. 

The  rencSBbr^.c. 

ianL 
The  qtteftioo  di 

A  dispute  about  wc  rds  difturbs  men. 
He  that  is  po<  3  a  good  man,  although  he  can- 

DOi  return  -  olj  can  ackaowl 

comfort. 

RULE  IV. 

Do  you  think  that  :uch  eicelk: 
:  reafon  ? 

All  that   a  happy  life 

I  think  it  not  improper  that  I  fhould  write  hat 

I  think  upon  that  adfiui 
I  deilre  that  you  would  un  derft  a  ad  this. 
Yon  07  fehal  I  dare  fay  what  I  think. 

you  can  very  eaiily  that. 

Do  ;■ ; 
You  know  that  I  think  the  very  fame  thing. 

rience  our  file r 
mpofed  of  body  and  mi: 

-  engraven  on  the  mind, 

itice  fhould  be  obferved  to- 
perfons. 
mefnl  that    philofophers   fhould  doubt 
not  doubt  of  £ 

RULE  V. 

to  bejnade  tribune  of  the  people, 
is  a  cert  a  1 .  1  eillon  of  the  n; 

He  was  the  common  enemy  of  all  men» 

xlvcti  the  r.ucie  or"  .  -    - 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  41 

Animal  omnis  Jiligo  fui  ipic. 

Timor  facio  tu  bonus. 

Dies  augeo  deliderium  is. 

Ratio  noiler  conlentio  oratio  pugno. 

Nemo  interpello,  omnis  diligo  ego. 

Dignitas,  honor  Ccefar  ago. 

Recordatio  fervitus  facio  libertas  jucundus. 

Quaeftio  cado. 

Controverfia  verbum  torqueo  homo. 

Ille  inops  fi  fum  bonus  vir,  etiam  fi  non  poflum  refero 

gratia,  certe  poflum  habeo. 
iEtas  ipfe  affero  ego  iblatium. 

RULE  IV. 

Tu   cenfeo   tarn  egregius  homo   gero   res   tantus  fine 

caulk  ? 
Omnis  ille  antiquus  philofophia  fentio  vita  beatus  pono 

in  virtus  unus. 
Non  puto  ium  in  alienus  ego  fcribo  ad  tu  quis  fentio  de 

res  is, 
Volo  tu  intelligo  hie. 
Nego  ego  audeo  qui  fentio  dico. 
Cenfeo  tu  facillime  pofium  explano  is. 
Genfeo  ego  adeone  deliro  ? 
Scio  ego  fentio  ifte  idem. 
Arbitror  tu  malo  experior  taciturnitas  nofter. 
Sum  perfpicuus  homo  confto  e  corpus  et  animus. 
Omnis  innatus  fum*.  et  in  anima  quali  infculptus,  Deus 

Ium. 
Memini  juilitia  fum  fervandus  et  adverfus  infinras. 

Nonne  fum  turpi  s  philofophus  dubito  hie  qui  ne  ruin- 
cus  quidem  dubito  ? 

RULE  V.     s 

Plane  cupio  ho  tribunus  pleb?. 
Vultus  fum  fermo  quidem  tacitus  mens. 
Uftts  fum  bonus  magifter. 
Sum  communis  inimicus  omnis* 
Etiam  nomen  pax  fum  dulcis. 


42  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

All  flavery  is  wretched. 

What  I  thought  would  be  a  pleafure,  that  has  been  a 

deftruction. 
They  were  then  called  the  noMes. 
Should  I  fo  act  as  to  be  called  a  traitor  to  the  flate  ? 
Nothing  is  generous  which  is  not  juft. 
I  love  your  little  daughter,  and  know  for  certain  that 

Hie  is  lovely. 
A  worthy  man  with  great  difficulty  fufpects  that  others 

are  wicked. 
This  I  afk,  Why  have  you  faid  that  I  am  a  ftranger  ?  . 

RULE  VI. 

Great  is  the  power  of  confcience. 

There  was  a  difpute  of  one  day  uppn  that  one  fubjedh . 
I  know  not  what  the  opinion  of  the  people  is  of  me. 
The  proof  of  eloquence  is  the  approbation  of  the  audi- 
ence. 
It  is  indeed  a  fault  to  dread  the  diflblution  of  our  na- 
ture fo  ftrongly. 
The  privation- of  every  pain  is  rightly  called  pleafure. 
The  whole  life  of  philoibphers  is  a  meditation  on  death. 
The  body  is  indeed  as  it  were  a  veflel,  or  a  certain  re- 
ceptacle of  the  foul. 
You  feem  to  follow  the  opinion  of  Epicharmus. . 
Virtue  is  the  perfection  of  reafon. 
Great  is  the  force  of  cuftom. 
Fear  is  a  bad  fecurity  of  long  life. 
A  fudden  ftorm  at  fea  frightens  failors  more  than  one 

that  had  been  forefeen. 
I  have  fent  you  the  commentary  of  my  confulfhip  in 

Greek. 
I  think  that  pain  is  the  greateft  of  evils. 
This  is  the  cuftom  of  mathematicians,  not  of  philofo- 

phers.  f 

That  part  of  your  Mter  was  by  no  means  necefTary. 
My  fpeech  alienated  the  affection  of  Pompey  from  me. 
Our  age  has  feen  many  very  famous  victories  of  the 

greateft  commanders. 
The  life  of  men  is  particularly  haraffed  by  their  ignd-  _ 

ranee  of  things  good  and  evil. 
Antonius  fent  me  a  copy  of  C«far's  letter  to  him. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  4) 

Omnis  fervitus  fu  m  mifcr. 

Quod  puto  fore  gaudiam,  is  exifto  .exitium. 

Ifte  turn  optimas  vocor. 

Ego  committo  ut  nominor  prcclitor  rcs-publi^i 
Nihil  {\\m  liberalis  qui  non  fum  jjftus. 
Amo  filiola  tuns,  et  certo  fcio  fum  amabili$. 

Vir'optimus  difficillirne  fafpicor  alius  fum  impro'ous* 

Ilk  qua^fo,  Cur,  dicQ  ego  fum  peregrinus  ? 

RULE  VL- 

Magnus  fum  vis  confcientia.- 
Sum  difputatio  dies  unus  de  hie  unus  res. 
Nefcio  qui  fum  opinio  populus  de  ego. 
EfFeclus  eloquentia  fum  approbatio  audiens. 

Sum   quidem.in   vitium   perhorrefco  diffolutio   natura.  , 

tarn  valde. 
Privatio  omnis  dolor  re&e  nominor  voluptas. 
Vita  totus  philofophus  firm  commentatio  mors. 
Corpus  fum  quidem  .quail  vas,  et  aliquis  receptaculum 

animus, 
Videor  fequor  fentenia  Epicharmus. 
Virtus  fum  perfe&io  ratio.  . 
Magnus  fum  vis  confuetudo. 
Metus  fum  mains. jcuflos  diuturnitas. 
Subitus  tempeftas   mare    terreo   navigans   vehementms    . 

quam  ante  provifus. 
Mitto  ad  tu  commentarium  confulatus  mens  compontus  , 

Graece. 
Exiftimo  dolor  magnus  malum  omnis..  , 

Ifte  fum  mos  mathematicus,  non  philpfophus. 

Ilk  pars  epiftola  tuus  fum  .mi.nime  nec-e  (farms. 
Oratio  meus  alieno  voluntas  Pompeius  a  ego. 
iEtasnofter  video  vi&oria  multus  clarus  imperator  fum-  _ 

mus. 
Vita  homo  maxime  vexo  ignoratio  res  bonus  et  malus. 

Ji  \to:\\  us    mitto  ad  ego  exemplum  liters  Caefar  ad  ful 


44  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

Let  us  confider  that  the  bodies  of  brave  men  are  mor- 
tal, but  that  their  living  fouls,  and  the  glory  of  vir- 
tue, are  immortal. 

You  fee  the  affair,  and  the  whole  of  the  bufmefs. 

I  dread  the  crime  of  ingratitude.  k 

The  weaknefs  of  the  body  hindered  not  the  vigour  of 
the  mind. 

Here  we  killed  a  great  number  of  the  enemy. 

Will  you  mention  your  coniulfhip  ? 

The  life  of  all  perfons  depends  on  the  life  of  you  alone. 

After  being  received  with  the  magnificence  of  a  king, 
we  continued  our  difcourfe  till  late  at  night. 

Frugality  is  the  .virtue  of  a  private  man,  not  of  a  king. 

A  comfuli  is,  wanting  who  can  check  the  fury  of  the  tri- 
bunes by  his  eloquence.  . 

I  aifume  to  myfelf  a  father's  authority  and  fe verity. 

I  think  Fibrenus  is  the  name  of  that  other  river. 

There  is  a  likenefs  of  man  to  God. 

He  has  been  found  an  enemy  to  nature  and  humanity. 

RULE  VII. 

The  Conful  himfelf  a  man  of  a  little  and  mean  mind. 
They  are  endowed  with  the  bed  difpofition,  the  greateft 

wifdom,  the  mofl  perfect  harmony. 
Oppianicus  himfelf  was  of  a  cruel  and  fevere  difpofition. 
Amyntas  is  the  chief  perfon  of  that  city,  in  family,  rank 

efteem,  and  fortune. 
Turranius,  a  man  of  the  higheil  virtue  and  integrity, 

was  of  the  fame  opinion. 
I  love  a  boy  of  excellent  wit. 
A  fervant  of  a  ftubborn  ipirit  fhall  be  beaten. 
Our  nation  has  a  government  of  very  great  clemency. 
The  mafter  eaiily  teaches  boys  of  ingenious  difpofitions» 
Gicero  was  a  man  of  a  mild  difpofition. 
Catiline  was  a  man  of  great  vigour  of  mind. 
Qfaces,  the  Parthian  general,  a  man  of  great  authority, 

received  a  wound. 
The  foldier  was  maimed  in  his  limbs. 
She  walks  a  goddefs  in  appearance. 
Here    firft   he  places   four  bullocks,   black  as  to  their 

backs. 
A  laurel  facred  as  to  its  boughs» 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  4» 

Cogilo  corpus  vir  fortis  fum  mortalis,  vero  motus  ani* 
mus,  et  gloria  virtus,  fum  immortalis, 

Video  res,  et  fumma  negotium. 
Horreo  crimen  animus  ingratus. 
Infirmitas  corpus  non  impedio  vis  animus. 

Hie  caedo  magnus  numerus  hoftis. 

Til  facio  mentio  confulat  us  tuus  ? 

Vita  omnis  pendeo  ex  vita  tu  unus. 

Poll  acceptus  regius  apparatus,  produce  fermo  in  mul- 

tus  nox. 
Frugalitas  eft  virtus  privatus,  non  regius. 
Conful  quaeror  qui  comprimo  furor  tribunitius  dico; 

Sufcipio  ego  patrius  authoritas  et  feveritas. 
Opinor  Fibrenus  nomen  ille  alter  fiumen. 
Sum  fimilitudo  homo  Deus. 
Invenio  inimicus  natura  et  humanitas. 

RULE  VIL 

Conful  ipfe,  parvus  animus  et  pravus: 

Sum  optimus  animus,  fummus  confiliunT,  .fingularis  con- 

cordia. 
Oppianicus  ipfe  fum  immanis  que  acerbus  natura. 
Amyntas^furn  princeps  is  civitas,  genus,  honor,  exifii- 

matio,  fortuna. 
Turranius,  homo  fuminus  integritas  atque    innocentia* 

fum  in  idem  fententia,- 
Amo  puer  ingenium  praeclarus. 
Scrvus  animus  contumax  vapulo. 
Natio  nofter  habeo  imperium  dementia  fummus. 
Magifter  facile  doceo  puer  ingenium  acutus. 
Cicero  fum  vir  mitis  ingenium. 
Catilina  ium  vir  magnus  vis  animus. 
Ofaces,  dux  Parthus,  magnus  authoritas,  vulnus  accipio. 

Miles  fum  frafrus  membrum. 

Incedo  dea  os. 

Quatuor  hie  primum   nigrans   tergum  juvencus   con- 

llituo. 
Laurus  facer  coma. 


46  AN  INTRODUCTION  TC 

RULE    VIII. 

1  wifli  I  had  leifure  enough  to  have  it  in  ?my  power  t# 

recite  the  decree  of  the  Smymea:' 
In    the  greateft   misfortunes  I   feem  to  have  acquired 

thus  much  good. 
It  is  moil  equitable  that  you  bring  here  no  prejudices. 
There  is  much-  mifchief  in  example. 
Neither  did  I 'believe  it;  but  certainly  there  was  fome 

fitch  report. 
I  will  inform  you  when  I  fhall  have  any  news. 
Glory  contains  more  trouble  than  pleafure. 

RULE    IX. 

Magi  Urates  are  neceflary,  without  whofe  prudence  and 

diligence  the  flate  could  not  exift. 
There  is  need  of  your  attention,   influence   and   pru- 

dence. 
There  is  no  occafion  for  a  long  fpeech. 
The  next  thing  is,  that  we  mould  inquire  whether  there 

be  any  occafion  for  a  fleet  or  no. 
There  is  no  occafion  for  difputes. 
What  occafion  was  there  for  letters  of  that  fort  which 

you  fent  to  him  ? 
Where  the  proofs  of  fafts  are  at  hand,  there  5s  no  qcca- 

fion  for  words. 

RULE  X. 

She  defired  that  others  mould  be  ignorant  of  her  mif- 

fortune. 
If  you  are  defirous  of  glory,  I  think  you  may  feek  for 

other  honours. 
He  denied  that  he  was  ever  defirous  of  a  triumph. 
The  lateft  pofterity  will  ever  remember  this  affair. 

Do  not  think  me  unmindful  of  your  commands. 

Truly  I  did  not  know  that  you  were  fo  fkilful  in  mili- 
tary affairs. 

The  Greeks  are  more  "defirous  of  difputing  than  of  the 
truth. 

I  knew  Hortenfius  was  very  fond  of  you. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  $7 

RULE    VIII. 

Volo  habeo  tantus  otium,  ut  poffum  recito  ipfephifma 

Smyrnaeus. 
In  malum  magnus  videor  aflequor  hie  tantus  bonum. 

Sum  equus  ut  afFero  ne  quis  praejudicatus. 
Sum  multus  malum  in  exemplum. 
Neque  credo,  fed  certe  fum  aliquis  fermo. 

Narro  cum  habeo  aliquis  novus. 

Gloria  habeo  plus  moleftio  quam  voluptas. 

RULE  IX. 

Sum  opus  magiflratus,  fine  qui  prudentia  et  diligentia, 

civitas  non  poifum  fum. 
Sum  opus  tuus  aifiduitas,  prudentia  gratia. 

Nihil  opus  fum  oratio  longus. 

Prornmus  fum,  ut  qusero  fum  opus.elaflis  necne. 

Nihil  fum  opus  lis. 

Quis  opus  fum  ejufmodi  literae  qui  mitto  ad  is  ? 

Ubi  teflimonium  res  adfum,  non  opus  fum  verbum. 


RULE  X. 

Cupio  easterns  fum  igriarus  fuus  malum. 

Si  fum  cupidus  gloria,  cenfeo  quasro  alius  ornamentunu 

"Nego  fui  unquam  fum  cupidus  triumphus. 

Poiteritas  omnis  feculum  nunquam  fum  immemor  hie 

res. 
*Ne  puto  ego  immemor  mandatum  tuurr*. 
Plane  nefcio  tu  tam.peritus  fum  res  militaris. 

Graecus  fum  cupidus  contentio  quam  Veritas, 

Cognofco  Hortenfius  percupidus  ttt« 


4S  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

Ye  have  always  been  defirous  of  glory,  and  greedy  af- 
ter praife,  beyond  other  nations. 

I  never  was  fo  long  ignorant  of  my  own  affairs. 

l)o  I  feem  fo  forgetful  of  ray  awn  firmnefs,  fo  unmind- 
ful of  my  own  actions  ? 

They  were  not  fo  mindful  of  my  merit,  as  they  were 
enemies  of  my  glory. 

iElius  was  learnedly  fkilful  in  antiquities  and  the  old 
writers. 

He  was  a  wife  man,  and  fkilful  in  many  things. 

All  men  hate  him  who  is  unmindful  of  a  favour. 

Nature  has  given  man  a  mind  capable  of  every  virtue. 

RULE  XL 

There  is  no  one  of  any  nation  who  cannot  attain  to 

virtue,  having  procured  a  guide. 
As  foon  as  there  fhall  be  any  thing  certain,  I  will  write 

to  you. 
"Who   of  the  Greek  rhetoricians  ever  drew  any   thing 

from  Thucydides  ? 
I  ceafed  to  be  offended,  and  made  myfelf  one  of  thofe 

who  came  to.  the  waters. 
Who  of  the  college  was  prefent  ? 
He  was  made  tribune  of  the  people  firft  amongft  tlae 

moll  noble  men. 
The  Peripatetics  firft  of  all  the  philofophers  taught  thefo 

things. 
He  was  made  tribune  of  the  people  firft:  amongft  the 

moft  honourable  men. 
One  of  the  two  muft  neceffarily  take  place. 
It  is  the  the  third  year  from  his  death. 
That  was  the  fecond  of  the  three. 

RULE  XIL 

I  do  not  fee  why  the  fon  might  not  have  been  like  the 

father. 
His  death  was  correfpondent  to  his  life,  fpent  in  the  moft 

virtuous  and  honourable   manner. 
Indeed  I  think  it  neceffary  for  me  to  philofophife. 
Yon  have  done  what  is  agreeable  to  me,  by  fending  b$£ 

Serapion's  book. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  49 

Semper  fum  appetens  gloria,  atque  avidus  laus,  praetar 

easterns  gens. 
Nunquam  fum  tam  diu  ignarus  res  meus. 
Adeone  videor  oblitus  conftantia  meus,  adeone  imme- 

mor  res  geftus  meus  ? 
Non  tam  memor  fum  virtus  meus,  quam  inimicus  laus. 

iElius  fum  liters  peritus  antiquitas  et  vetus  fcriptor- 

Sum  fapiens  homo,  ac  peritus  multus  res. 

Omnis  odi  immemor  beneficium. 

Nafura  do  homo  mens  capax  virtus  omnis. 

RULE  XL 

Nee  fum  quifquam  ullus  gens  qui  non  pofTum  perveni* 

ad  virtus,  naclus  dux. 
Simulfum  quis  certus,  fcribo  ad  tu. 

Quis  Grascus  rhetor  unquam  duco  quifquam  a  Thu- 

cydides  ? 
Defifto  ftomachor,  et  facio  ego  unus  ex  is  qui  venio  ad 

aqua. 
Quis  de  collegium  adfum  ? 
Fio  tribunus  plebs  primus  inter  homo  ncbilis. 

Psripateticus  primus  ex  omnis  philofophus  hie  doceo, 

Fio  tribunus  plebs  primus  inter  homo  honorabilis. 

Alter  duo  fum  neceffe.  % 

Sum  tertius  annus  a  mors  ille. 

Is  fecundus  fum  de  tres.  * 

RULE  XII. 

Non  video  cur  filius  non  pofium  fum  fimilis  pater. 

Is  mors  fum  confentaneus  vita,  actus  fancliffime  honef- 

tiffimeque. 
Qui  Jem  arbitror  fum  neceffe  ego  philofophor. 
.Facio    pergratus  ego,  quod  mittQ  liber  Seiapion    ad 

ego, 

F 


5o  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

Your  difcourfe  againft  Epicurus  was  pleafmg    to  our 

friend  Balbus. 
The  enemy  is  at  Cyreftica,   which  part  of  Syria  adjoins 

to  my  province. 
Why  have  you  been  fo  familiar  with  him  as  to  lend  him 

money. 
I  think  nothing  difficult  to  a  lover. 
1  fear  left  the  name  of  philofophy  may  be  hateful  to 

fome  good  men. 
Men  can  be  very  ufeful  to  men. 
In  every  difputation  we  fhould  inquire  what  is  moil  like 

the  truth. 
Ye  ought  to  think  he  had  been  like  himfelf  in  the  other 

parts  of  his  life. 
Nor  indeed  do  I  underftand  why  Epicurus  rather  chofe 

to  fay  that  the  God  are  like  men,  than  that  men  arc 

like  the  Gods. 
Why  do  you  always  defend  men  unlike  yourfelf  ? 
Why  do  you  not  favour  thofe,  commend  thofe,  whom 

you  wifli  your  fon  to  be  like  ? 
This  inquiry  is  common  to  all  philofophers. 
This  evil  is  common  to  me  with  every  one. 
Our  country,  which    is  the  common  parent  of  us  all, 

hates  and  fears  you. 
Maximus  did  nothing  contrary  to  his  honour. 
Ignorance  of  things  is  inconiiftent  with  the  nature  of 

the  Gods. 
You  approve  of  thofe  things    which    are    inconfiftent 

both  with  the  general  tranquillity  and  your  own  dig- 
nity. 
This  action  is  peculiar  to  Csefar  alone. 
It  is  common  to  all  animals  to  live  according  to  nature. 
You  do  nothing  inconfiftent  with  our  friendfhip,  and  the 

opinion  of  that  worthy  man  your  father,  concerning 

me. 
I  am  confcious  to  myfelf  that  I  was  never  too  defirous 

of  life. 
It  is  peculiar  to  a  wife  man  to  do  nothing  which  he 

may  repent  of. 
Scipio  feems  to  me  born  for  the  definition  of  Carthage* 
The  necks  of  oxen  are  framed  for  the  yoke. 
The  feafon  is  not  fit  to  catch  mackarel. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  51 

Sermo  tuus  contra  Epicurus  fum  jucundus    Balbus  nof- 

ter. 
Hoftis  fum  in  Cyreftica,  qui  pars  Syria  proximus  fum 

provincia  me  us. 
Cur  fum  tarn  familiaris  hie  ut  commodo  aurum. 

Pato  nihil  difficilis  amans. 

Verecr  ne  nomen  philofophia  fum  invifus  quidam  vir  bo- 
nus. 
Homo  poflum  fum  maxime  utilis  homo. 
lir  omnis  difputatio  qu'eero  quis  fum  fimilis  verus. 

Tu  debeo  exiftimo  is  fimilis  f am  fui  in  cseterus  pars  vita. 

Nee  veto  intelligo  cur  Epicurus  malo  dico  Deus  fimilis 
homo,  quam  homo  Deiis. 

Cur  femper  defendo  ditfimiHs  tu  ? 

Cur   non  faveo   is,  laudo  is,  qui  volo  filius  tuus  fum 

fimilis  ? 
Kk  quaeftio  eft  communis  omnis  philofophus. 
Hie  malum  fum  communis  ego  cum  omnis. 
Patria,    qui  fum  communis  parens  omnis  ego,  odi  ac 

metuo  tu. 
Maximus  facio  nihil  alienus  fuus  virtus. 
Ignoratio  res  fum  alienus  natura  Deus. 

Probo  is  qui  fum  inimicus  et  otium  communis  et  dig- 
nitas  tuus. 

Hie  res  fum  proprius  Caefar  unus. 
Sum  communis  animal  omnis  vivo  fecundum  natura. 
Facio  nihil  alienus  neceffitudo  nofter,  que  judicium  pa- 
ter tuus  fummus  vir,  de  me. 

Sum   confeius   ego  ego  nunquam    fum   nirnis  cupidus 

vita. 
Sum  proprius  fapiens  facio  nihil  qui  poffum  psenitet. 

Scipio  videor  ego  natus  ad  interims  Carthago. 

Cervix  bos  natus  fum  ad  jugum. 

Tempeftates  non  fum  idoneus  ad  lacerta  captandus. 


52  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

The  works  of  Xenophon  are  very  ufeful  in  many  re- 
fpects. 

I  have  feemed  to  be  vehement  againfl  others. 

His  action  was  fit  to  move  the  paffions. 

He  was  ready  for  violence,  prepared  for  fedition,  fur- 
nifhed  for  daughter. 

As  one  perfon  is  very  fubject  to  one  particular  difeafe, 
£o  another  perfon  is  very  much  inclined  to  fome  par- 
ticular vices. 

I  am  very  lazy  in  writing  letters. 

A  proper  place  is  chofen  for  that  bufmefs. 

I  think  that  nothing  is  to  be  acquired  by  me,  either  to 
my  honour  or  glory. 

The  bafenefs  of  them  all  is  to  be  blamed  by  me. 

Pains  muft  be  taken  to  find  out  the  truth. 

No  tiling  is  mere  pleafing  to  me  than  your  kindnefs. 

I  think  this  ought  to  be  principally  provided  and 
guarded  again  it  by  the  orator. 

I  think  that  any  caufe  of  greater  confequence  may  be 
trufted  to  you. 

Although  thefe  things  were  not  agreeable  to  me  in  un- 
dergoing them,  yet  they  will  be  pleafing  in  reading 
them. 

RULE    XIII. 

Philofophy  is  content  with  few  judges. 

He  is  content  with  our  money. 

Philippus,  a  man  moft  worthy  of  his  father,  grandfather 

and  anceitors,  did  the  fame  thing. 
Thoie  by  whom  you  were  declared  conful,  did  not  think 

you  worthy  of  the  light. 
He  has  as  yet  fuifered  no  punifhment   worthy  of  his 

crime. 
He  fays  that  natural  riches  are  eafily  procured,  becaufe 

nature  might  he  content  with  a  little. 
He  reded  content  with  that  victory. 
I  fee  nothing  in  this  Sulla  deferving  hatred,  many  things 

worthy  of  companion. 
Is  there  nothing  in  thefe  things  which  we  may  judge 

worthy  of  an  ingenuous  mind  ? 
I  think  this  fhameful,  and  unworthy  of  me. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  53 

Liber  Xenophon  fum  perutilis  ad  res  multus. 

Ego  videor  vehemens  in  alius. 

Actio  is  fum  aptus  ad  animus  concitandus. 

Sum  promptus  ad  vis,  paratus  ad  feditio,  expeditus  ad 

casdes. 
Ut  alius  propenfus  ad  alius  morbus,  fie  alius  proclivis 

ad  alius  vitium. 

Sum  pigerrimus  ad  litene  fcribendus. 

Locus  opportunus  fum  captus  ad  is  res. 

Puto  nihil  acquirendus  ego,  neque  ad  honor,  neque  ad 

gloria. 
Turpitudo  is  omnis  fum  accufabilis  ego. 
Vis  fum  adhibendus  Veritas. 
Nihil  amabilis  ego  officium  tuum. 
Ego  puto  hie  maxime  cavendus  ct  providenJus  orator. 

Ego  puto  caufa  ullus  major  committendus  tu. 

Etfi  is  non  fum  optabilis  ego  in  experior,  tamen  fum 
jucundus  in  lego, 


RULE  XIII. 

Philofophia  fum  contentus  paucus  judex. 

Sum  contentus  nofter  pecunia. 

Philippus,  vir  dignus  pater,  avus,  majores,  facio  idem. 

Is  a  qui  dico  conful,  non  puto  tu  dignus  lux. 

Adhuc  fufcipio  poena  nullus  dignus  crimen. 

Dico  naturalis  divitise  fum  parabalis,  quod  natura  fum 

contentus  parvus. 
Quiefco  contentus  h  vicloria. 
Video  nihil  in  hie  Sulla  dignus  odium,  multus  dignus 

mifericordia. 
Nihil  fum  in  hie  res  qui  duco  fum  dignus  mens  liber  ? 

Puto  hie  turpis,  et  indignus  ego» 

I  2 


54  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

He  was  a  young  man  poffeffed  of  the  beft  accomplilli- 
ments. 

He  was  a  wife  man,  and  endued  with  a  certain  lofty- 
mind. 

I  did  not  attempt  to  move  the  companion  of  others,  be- 
fore I  was  caught  myfelf. 

Relying  on  your  difcernment,  I  fay  lefs  than  the  caufc 
requires. 

Give  that  attention  and  care  which  is  moft  worthy  of 
your  virtue. 

RULE-  XIV. 

What  word  is  there  in  thofe  letters  which  is  not  full  of 

humanity,  duty,  benevolence  ? 
The  fouls  of  brutes  are  without  reafon. 
A  mind  perfectly  and  abfolutely  free  from  uneafmefs, 

makes  men  happy. 
We  have  not  feen  a.fword  out  of  the  fcabbard  in  the 

city. 
His  countenance  was  full  of  fury,  his  eyes  of  wickednefs, 

his  difcourfe  of  infolence. 
No  part  of  his  life  was  free  from  the  greateft  turpitude» 
The  houfe  was  full  of  the  beft  emboli  plate. 
All  things  honourable  are  replete  with  joy. 
The  haven  is  very  full  of  fhips. 

The  mind,  during  fleep,  is  without  fenfation  and  cares. 
This  place  is  never  free  from  the  danger  of  death. 
I  perceive  that  you  will  be  free  from  all  danger. 

RULE  XV. 

It  is  the  mark  of  a  brave  mind  not  to  be  difturbed  in 
adverfity. 

It  is  a  wife  man's  bufinefs  to  determine  who  may  be  a 
wife  man. 

I  judged  it  to  be  the  duty  of  my  friendfhip  not  to  be 
filent  in  your  great  affliction. 

He  thought  it  hardly  becoming  him  to  engage  in  an  af- 
fair of  fo  much  confequence. 

It  is  not  becoming  your  gravity  and  wifdom  to  be  inv 
moderately  affected  at  your  misfortune. 

The  Pythagoreans  relate,  that  the  Orphian  poem  wa* 
the  work  of  ope  Cecrops% 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  .         55 

Sum  adolefcens  praeditus  bonus  ars. 

Sum  homo  faplens,  ct  praeditus.quidem  altus  mens. 

Non  conor  commoveo  mifericordia"  alius,  priufquam  ipfe 

fum  captus  mifericordia. 
Fretus  vefter  intelligentia, ,  differo  brcvius  quam  caulk 

defidero. 
Sufcipio  cura  et  cogitatio  dignLflimus  tuus  yirtus. 

RULE  XIV.   . 

Qui  verbum  fum  in  ifte  litcrse  non  plenus  humanitas, 

officium,  benevolentia  ? 
Animus  beftia  fum  expers  ratio. 
Animus  perfecte  et  abfolute  vacuus  perturbationes,  eiH-  . 

ciobcatus.  .../;■/  ft    faM 

Non  video  gladius  vacuus  vagina  in  ur.bs.  (j^ylvr*  -  '  " 

Vultus  fum .  plenus  furor,   oculus-  fcelus,   fermo  arrc-  . 

gantia. 
Nullus  pars  is  vita  fum  expers  fummus  turpitudo. 
Domus  fum  plenus  optimus  caelatus  argentum. 
Omnis  honeftus  fum  plenus  gaudium. 
Portus  fum  pleniffimus  navis. 
Animus,  per  fomnus,  fum  vacuus  fenfus  et  cura. 
Hie  locus  nufquam  fum  vacuus  periculum  mors,  „_ 
Video  tu  for^  expers  omnis  periculum, 

RULE    XV. 
Sum  fortis  animus  non  perturbo  in  res  afper. 

Sum  fapiens  ftatuo  quis  fum  fapiens.  ^ 

Statuo  fum  nofter  neceffitudo  non  taceo  in  tuus  tantus 

mceror. 
Arbitror  vix  fum  is  fufcipio  tantus  res. 

Non  fum  fapientia  et  gravitas  tuus  fero  immoderatius 

cafus. 
Orphicus    carmen,  Pythagoricus    fero,    quidam    fam  ; 

Cecrops, 


56  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

To  with  for  a  tempeft  in  a  calm,  is  th€  part  of  a  mad- 
man ;  to  oppofe  it  by  every  method,  of  a  wife  one. 

It  is  the  particular  office  of  the  magiftrate  to  know  that 
he  reprefents  the  perfon  of  the  flate. 

It  is  the  duty  of  a  ftranger  and  fojourner  to  mind  no- 
thing  but  his  own  buiinefs. 

It  is  your  bufinefs,  Cato,  to  look  to  it. 

The  .wtele  of  this,  however  great  it  is,  the  whole  of  it, 
I  fa^,  is  yours. 

RULE  XVI. 

Thofe  who  ought  to  take  compaffion  on  me  ceafe  not  toi 

envy  me. 
Attend,  I  be^g  of  you,  and  at  length  take  compaffion  on 

the  all^. 
And  yet  he  expects  that  they  fhould  take  compaffion  on 

him.     * 
I  pity  his  diftrefs  for  provifions. 
Pardon  my  fears,  that  the  book  has  not  been  returned  to 

you  fo  foon  as  it  ought  r  and  pity  the  times. 

RULE   XVII. 

Let  us  ceafe  to  be  offended  ;  let  us  fubmit  to  the  times. 
There  is  no  one   who  can  protect  himfelf  againft  envy, 

without  your  affiftance. 
Whofe  command  would  you  chiefly  choofe  to  obey  ? 
Why  lhould  I  fpeak  of  all  thofe  who  obeyed  the  conful's 

command  I 
That  fofter  part  of  his  foul  fubmits  to  reafon,  as  a  pru- 
dent foldier  to  a  fevere  commander. 
He  obeys  himfelf,  and  follows  his  own  rules. 
What  i tall  we  do,  if  we  cannot  do  otherwise  ?  Shall  we 

fubmit  to  the  freedmen,  and  even  to  the  flaves  ? 
The  body  is  to  be  fo  exercifed  and  managed,  that  it  may 

fubmit  to  counfel  and  reafon. 
It  fignifies  nothing  to  refill  nature,  and  aim  at  wiiafc  yo\> 

cannot  attain. 
Do  you  know  that  Marcellus  is  angry  with  you  ? 
He  called  to  me,  he  threatened  me. 
It  is  by  no  means  ufual  with  me  to  be  rafhly  angry  with 

my  friends. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  57 

Opto  adverfus  tempefb.s  in  tranquillus  fum  demens  ; 
fubvenio  tempeftas  quivis  ratio,  fapiens. 

Sum  proprius  munus  magiftratus  intelligo  fui  gero  per- 
form ci  vitas. 

Peregrinus  et  incola  fum  officium  ago  nihil  praeter  funs 
negotium. 

Eft  tuus,  Cato,  video. 

Totus  hie,  quantufcunque  fum,  totus^  inauiim,  fum 
tuus.    f^.j^/fy**?'    ^^f/f*** 

RULE  XVI. 

Qui  debeo  miferecr  ego  non  deilno  invideo. 

Audio,  quoefo,  et  aliquando  mifereor  focius. 

Et  tamen  pollulo  ut  mifereor  fui. 

Ego  mifereor  efuries  is, 

Ignofco  nofter  timor,  quod  liber  non  tarn  eeleriter 
reddo  tu,  et  mifereor  temp  us. 

RULE    XVII, 

Defino  ftomacho.r  ;  pareo  tempus. 

Nemo  fum  qui  poflum  refiito  invidia,  fine  vcfler  fubii-. 

dium. 
Qui  imperium  volo  potifiimum  pareo  \ 
Quis  ego  loquor  de  is  omnis  qui  pareo  imperium  confal? 

Pars  ille  mollis  animus  fie  pareo  ratio,  ut  prudens  miles 

feverus  imperator. 
Ipfe  obtempero  fui,  et  pareo  decretum  fuus. 
Quis  facio,  fi  aliter  non  poflum  ?     An  libertinus,  atque 

etiam  fervus,  fervio  ? 
Corpus  fum  ita   exercitandus  et  afficiendus,  ut  porTum 

obedio  confilium  que  ratio. 
Neque  attineo  repugno  natura,   nee  fequor   quiiquam 

qui  nequeo  aflequor. 
Scio  Marcellus  irafcor  tu  ? 
Appello  ego,  minor  ego. 
Omnino  non  foleo  temere  irafcor  amicus» 


58'  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

If  I  had  not  threatened  the  man  feverely, porTcfilon  oi 

the  tables  had  not  been  given  me. 
You  fay,  I  have   carried  on  great  wars,  and  have  been 

appointed  to   rule   over  provinces  :    fupport  then   a 

mind  worthy  of  your  glory. 
The  fafety  of  his  country  was  dearer  to  him  than  the 

fight  of  it. 
My  books,,  my  ftudies,  my  learning,  are  now  of  no  fervice 

to  me. 
A  difpute  is  fo   long  prudent  as  it  is  either  profitable, 

or,  if  not  profitable,  not  hurtful,  to  the  (late. 
Your  laft  page  gave  me  great  uneafmefs. 
All  thefe  things  are  a  proof  that  the  world  is  governed 

by  reafon. 
Thefe  tilings  may  be  a  lofs  and  adifgrace  to  us  all. 
This  will  always  be  profitable  to  the  city. 
I  had  now  no  bufmefs  with  him. 
Eloquence  then  had  honour. 
Are  you  the  man  whom  cruelty  difpleafes  ? 
I  beg  of  you  to  aflift  thefe  perfons  in  every  particular 

your  Ration  will  admit. 
I  fear  left  my  advice  may  difpleafe  you. 
Atticus  pleafed  me  molt  ;  or,  fliall  I  fay  ?  he  difpleafed 

me  lead. 
It  is  the  particular  fpot  and  blot  of  this  age,  to  envy 

merit. 
It  is  not  allowable,  for  the  fake  of  your  own  advantage, 

to  hurt  another. 
I  favoured  the  government  which  I  have  always  favour- 
ed, and  your  dignity  and  honour; 
Take  care  of  your  liealth,  which  as  yet  you  have  not 

fufficiently  attended  to,  whilft  you  was  affifting^me. 
We  muft  take  care  that  the  appetites  obey  reafon,  and 

do  not  run  before  it. 
I  always  admired  the  greatnefs  of  your  mind. 
Some  accident  prevented  his  intention. 
He  affifts  him  in  marrying  his  daughter. 
A  man  ought  to  admire  and  wifh  for  nothing  but  what 

is  honourable. 
I  neither  flattered  nor  admired  the  good  fortune  of  the 

man. 
My   doubt  feemed  either  to  hinder  my  journey,  or  at 

Jeaft  to  put  it  off. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  59 

Nifi    minor  homo  vehementius,    nunquam    poteftas  fio 

ego  tabula. 
■Inquam,    Gero  bellum  magnus.,  ct  provincia  pracfum  : 

gero  igitur  animus  dignus  laus. 

Salus  patria  fum  dulcis  illc  quam  confpe&us. 

Liber  nihil,  literal  nihil,    do&rina   nihil,  nunc    profum 

Contentio  tarn  diu  fum  faplens,  quam  diu  aut  proficio 

aliquis,  aut,  fi  non  proficio,  non  obfum,  civitas. 
•  Poftremus  tuus  pagina  fum  magnus  moleftia  ego. 
Qui  omnis  fum  lignum  mundus  adminiilro  ratio. 

..Hie  res  poflum  fum  detrimentum  et  infamia  omnis. 

Hie  femper  profum  civitas. 

Jam  nihil  fum  ego  cum  ille. 

Jam  turn  fum  honor  eloquentia. 

Tu  fum  ille  qui  crudelitas  difpliceo  ? 

J?eto  a  tu  ut  commodo  hie  In  omnis  res  quantum  tua 

dlgnitas  patior. 
Vereor  ne  conClium  meum  difpliceo  tu. 
Atticus  placeo   ego  maxime  ;    vel,    dico  ?  difpliceo  mi- 

nime. 
Sum   labes    quidam    et   macula   hie    feculum,    invideo 

virtus. 
Non  licet,  caufa  tuus  commodum,  noeeo  alter. 

Faveo  res-publica  qui  femper  faveo,  et  dignitai  et  glo- 
ria tuus. 

Jndulgeo  valetudo  tuus,  qui  tu  adhuc  non  fatis  fervio, 
dum  defervio  ego. 

Efficiendum  eft  ut  appetitus  obedlo  ratio,  non  pra> 
curro  is.  \ 

Semper  admiror  magnitudo  animus  tuus. 

Aliquis  cafus  pnevenio  confilium  is. 

Adjuvo  is  in  filia  locandus. 

Oportet  homo  admiror  et  op  to  nihil  nifi  qui  fum  ho- 
neftus. 

Nee  adulor  nee  admiror  fortuna  homo. 

Meus  dubitatio  videor  aut  impedio  profeclio  meus,  aut 
certe  retardo. 


6o  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

RULE   XVIIL 

You  fay  right,  and  fo  the  thing  is. 
The  voluntary  virtues  are  fuperior  to  the  involuntary. 
I  have  a  great  work  in  hand. 

No  one  avoids  pleafune  itfelf  becaufe  it  is  pleafure. 
Since  I  entertain  this  opinion. 
I  will  explain  this  argument  in  general. 
All  men  admired  his  diligence,  acknowledged  his  abili- 
ties. 
Turn  over  that  book  of  his,  diligently,  which  is  upon 

the  foul. 
When  he  fays  this,  Know  yourfelf,  he  fays,  Know  your 

own  mind. 
I  have  now  received  your  three  letters. 
I  will  leave  your  dreams,  I  will  proceed  to  your  wick- 
ed neis. 
It  happened  very  unluckily  that  you  never  faw  him. 
1  earneftly  expect  your  letters. 
I  had  read  your  letter. 

Did  I  not  thoroughly  underftand  you  ?  or  have  you  al- 
tered your  opinion  ? 
You  will  take  care  of  my  directions  refpecting  the  houfc. 
Your  anceftors  firft  conquered  all  Italy. 
Ye  can  neither  be  ignorant  of  his  difpofition  nor  his 

power. 
.Many  things  in  your  letter  pleafed  me. 
I  can  fcarce  look  at  the  light. 
Time  does  not  only  not  leflen  this  grief,  but  even  increafes 

it. 
There  is  no  one  fo  old,  but  thinks  he  may  live  a  year. 

Why  do  not  they  run  the  fame  ccurfe  at  this  time,  which 

they  ran  before  ? 
He  who  runs  over  the  (ladium,  ought  to  endeavour  to 

conquer. 

RULE    XIX. 

You  have  a  general  mindful  cf  you,  forgetful  of  him- 

felf. 
You  direct  me  to  reflect  on  what  is  good,  to  forget  what 

is  bad.  . 


T*1E  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  tf* 

RULE   XVIII. 

Reclc  dico,  et  res  fie  habeo  fui. 

Virtus  voluntarius  vinco  virtus  non  voluntarius. 

Habeo  opus  magnus  in  manus. 

Nemo  fugio  ipfe  voluptas,  quia  voluptas  fum. 

Cum  teneo  hie  fententia. 

Expono  argumentum  is  generatim. 

Omnis  admiror  diligentia,  agnofco  ingenium. 

Evolvo  diligenter^is'liber,  qui  fum  de  animus. 

Cum  dico,   Nofco  tu  ipfe,  dico  hie,  Nofco  animus  tuiis. 

Jam  accipio  tuus  tres  epiftola. 

Relinquo  fomnium  vefter,  venio  ad  fcelus. 

Excido  perincommode  quod  nunquam  video  is. 

Valde  expeclo  tuus  liters. 

Lego  epiftola  tuus. 

An  ego  non  fatis  intelligo  ?  an  muto  fententia  ? 

Curo  meus  mandatum  de  domus. 

ivlajores  vefter  primum  devinco  univerfus  Italia. 

Poflum  nee  animus  is  ignoro  nee  copia. 

Multus  in  .epiftola  tuus  dele&o  ego* 

Vix  poflum  afpicio  lux. 

Dies  non  modo  non  levo  hie  luctus,  fed  etiam  augeo. 

Nemo  fum  tarn   fenex  qui   non  puto   fui  poffum  vivo 

annus. 
Cur  non  idem-  curfus  hie  tempus  qui  antea  curro  J 


Qui  curro  ftadium  debeo  enitor  ut  vinco. 

RULE  XIX. 
Habeo  dux  memor  tu,  oblitus  fui. 

Jubeo  ego  cogito  bonus,  oblivifcor  malum. 

G 


I 


6z  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

Remember  that  time- 

Caefar  ufually  forgets  nothing  but  injuries. 

Neither  have  I  forgot  the  letter  you  fent  me. 

Do  you  think  that  I  have  forgotten  your  advice,  your 

difcourfe,  your  politenefs  ? 
Indeed  I  am  greatly  afraid  of  your  voyage,  when  I  re« 

member  your  former  pailage. 
Nor  is  it  allowable  to  forget  Epicurus,  if  I  may  choofe 

it. 
And  when  they  choofe  to  relax  their  minds,  and  indulge 

themfelves  in  pleafure,  let  them  avcid  intemperance, 

and  remember  decency. 
The  city,  forgetful  of  its  flavery,  lamented  this  one  cir- 

cumftance. 

RULE    XX. 

Whilft  they  efcape  one  kind  of  injuftice,  they  fall  into 

another. 
Shew  that  death  is  free  from  every  evil. 
He  affured  me    that  you    were  certainly  free    from  a 

fever. 
I  hope  our  friendfhip  wants  not  witneffes. 
Whilft  we  are  free  from  guilt,  let  us  bear  all  human 

events  with  patience  and  moderation. 
How  long  then  fhall  he  who  exceeds    all  enemies  be 

without  die  name,  of  an  enemy  ? 
Can  he  who.  is  not,  want  any  thing  ? 
As  long  as  I  fhall  live  I  will  be  uneafy  at    nothing, 

whilft  I  am  free  from  all  guilt. 
You  want  not  my  prayers  and  entreaties. 
The  one,  as  Ifocrates  faid,  wants  a  bridle,  the  other  a 

fpur. 
His  oration  abounded  with  every  grace. 
Do  you  fee  that  I.  abound  in  leiiure  ? 

RULE    XXI. 

I  fhall  enjoy  your  difgrace. 

I  will  ufe  another  word  afterwards,  if  I  fhall  find  a. 

better. 
I  diligently  make  ufe  of  our  poets. 
Let  him  discharge  the  proper  duty  of  pb.ilcfophy. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  63 

Recordor  ifte  tempus. 

Caefar  ibleo  oblivifcor  nihil  nifi  injuria. 

Nee  oblivifcor  liters  qui  rnitto  ad  ego. 

Puto  ego  oblivifcor  coniilium,  fermo,  humanitas  tuus  ? 

Mehercule   valde   timeo   navigatio,   recordans   fuperior 

tuus  tranfmifiio. 
Nee  licet  oblivifcor  Epicurus,  fi  cupio. 

Atque  cum  relaxo  animus,  et  do  fui  jucunditas  volo,  ca« 
veo  intemperantia,  et  memini  verecundia. 

Unus  in  ille^res,  fervitus  oblitus,  civitas  ingemov 


RULE    XX. 
Dum  vaco  alter  genus  injuftitia,  incurro  in  alter. 

Doceo  mors  careo  omnis  malum. 
Nuntio  ego  t\i  plane  eareo  febris. 

Spero  nofter  iffiweitia  non  egeo  teflis. 
Cum  'careo  culpa,  fero  omnis  humamis  placate  et  mo- 
derate. 
■Quouique    igitur  is,    qui   fupero    omnis    hoflis,    careo 

:  Ml  bonis  ? 
An  ne  qui  non  firm,  is  poilum  careo  res  ullus  ? 
Dum  fum  angor  nullus  res,  cum  vaco  omnis  culpa* 

Non  indigeo  preces  nofter,  et  cohortatio. 

Alter,  ut  dico  Ifocrates,  egeo  frenum,  alter  calcar* 

Gratio  is  abundo  ornamentum  omnis. 
Ne  video  ego  abundo  otium  ? 

RULE  XXL 

Fruor  tuus  indignitas. 

Utor  alius  verbum  poft,  fi  invenio  bonus. 

Studiofe  utor  nofter  poeta. 

Fungor  proprius  officium  philofophia. 


64  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO* 

I  ufe  yourfelf  as  my  guide. 

I  will  do  the  duty  of  an  interpreter. 

He  performs  the  duty  of  a  good  fenator. 

1"  am  extremely  well  pleafed  that  your  uncle  has  dene- 

his  duty. 
Why  fhould  I  make  ufe  of  thefe  witneffeVas  if  the  affair 

was  doubtful  or  untrue  ? 
I  fhall  wonder  that  you  wasr  unwilling  to  ufe  thofe  arms 

the  law  gave  you. 
I  accept  your  excufe  which  you  made. 
That  is  every  one's  own  which  every  one  enjoys  and 

ufes. 
Very  few  perfons  make  a  good  ufe  of  cunning. 
That  which  makes  ufe  of  reafon    is    fuperior  to    that 

which  does  not  make  ufe  of  reafon. 
God    has  not  permitted  us  to  know  thefe  things,  but 

only  .to  enjoy  them.: 
ReflecY  that  both  in  our  Rate  and  others,  which  have  ac- 
quired great  power,  fuch  accidents  have  happened. 
If  you  are  certain  that  you  can.  obtain  that  kingdom, 

you  ihould  not  hefitate. 
Let  us  fubdue  their  hatred,  and  obtain  peace. 
Paulus  obtained  all  the  treafure  of  the  Macedonians. 
Aratus,  having  gone  from  Argos  to  S  icy  on,  got  polTef- 

fion  of  the  city  by  entering  privately. 

RULE  XXII.. 

I  have  taken  care  of  your  bufmefs. 

I  wifh  that  thing  may  be  a  fatisfacHon  to  him. .     - 

Let  him  have  myfelf  for  his  example. 

Apply  then  for  that  office  in  which  you  can  be  of  great 

fervice  to  me. 
He  was  of  great  ufe,  both  to  me  and  my  brother  Quin- 

tus,  in  our  canvafs. 
A  large  houfe  often  becomes  a  difgrace  to  the  owner. 
Do  you  alledge  this  as  a  crime  to  another  ? 

RULE  XXIII. 

I  will  now  explain  to  you  in  few  words  for  what  crimes 

Oppianus  was  condemned. 
I  fhall  condemn  you  for  the  fame  crime. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  6; 

Utor  tu  ipfe  dux. 

Fungcr  munus  interpres. 

Fungor  efficium  bonus  fenator. 

Vehementer  probo  avunculus  t:uus  fungor  offichim. 

Quis  ego  utor  teftis,  quafi  res  dubius  aut  obfeurus  fum  ? 

Miror  tu  nolo  utor  is  arm  a  qui  lex  do  tu» 

Accipio  tuus  excufatio  qui  utor. 

Is  fum  proprius  quifque  qui  quifque  fruor  et  utor, 

Perparvus  bene  utor  caliditas. 

Qui  ratio  utor  is  bonus  quam  is  qui  ratio  non  u: 

Deus  non  volo  ego  fcio  ifte,  fed.  tantum  modo  utor  b 

Cogito  et  in  nofter  ci vitas  et  in  ceterus,  qui  potior  res, 

talis  cafus  evenio. 
Si  cxploratus  fum  tu,  tu  poffum  potior  regnum  ille,  non 

fum  cunclandus. 
Vinco  odium,  que  potior  pax. 
Paulus  potior  omnis  gaza  Macedo. 
Aratus,  proficifcor  Argos   Sicion,  clandeftinus  introitus 

potior  urbs. 

RULE  XXII. 

Cura  fum  ego  negotium  tuus. 

Utinam  is  res  fum  voluptas  is. 

Habeo  ego  ipfe  fui  documentum. 

Peto  igitur  is  magiftratus  in  qui  poflum  fum  magnus 

utilitas  ego. 
Sum  magnus  ufus,  et  ego  et  Quintus  frater,  in  petitio 

nofter. 
Amplus  domus  faspe  fio  dedecus  dominus. 
Ne  is  do  crimen  alter  ? 


\ 


RULE  XXIII. 

Nunc  jam  fummatim   expono    qui   crimen    Oppiabus 

damno. 
Ego  condemno  tti  crimen  idem. 
G   2 


66  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

I  excufe  myfelf  in  that  particular  to  you,  in  which  I  ac- 
cufe you. 

I  will  take  care  in  future*  that  you  may  not  have  it  in 
your  power  to  accufe  me  of  neglect  in  writing. 

I  will  accufe  him  of  certain  crimes  peculiarly  his  own. 

I  entreat  you  to  advife  Terentia  with  refpect  to  the  wu% 

RULE  XXIV. 

He  valued  money  greatly. 

What  do  you  fuppofe  I  value  that  at  ? 

You  valued  the  houfe  at  more  than  yourfelf  and  youE 

*  whole  fortune. 

The  mind  ought  now  to  grow  callous,  and  efteem  every 

thing  as  of  little  value. 
How  highly  dees  he  rate  his  own  authority  ! 
Thefe  things  cannot  be  valued  by  money. ; 

RULE  XXV. 

Oppianicus  prepared  poifon  for  him. 

That  boy  declared  the  whole  affair  to  his  miftrefs. 

The  victory  of  Servilius  added  thefe  lands  to  the   Ro* 

man  people. 
He  orders  the  decemviri  to  lay  a  very  heavy  tax  on  all. 

the  public  lands. 
I  feem  to  myfelf  to  be  able  to  fay  this  one  thing  truly. 
Our  anceftors  left  thefe  lands  to  us. 
I  wifh.the  Gods  would  give  you  that  difpofition. 
I  impart  a  fhare  of  my  trouble  to  no  one,  of  my  glory» 

to  all  good  men. 
No  one  objected  that  thing  to  Marcus  Cato,  when  he 

might  have  had  many  enemies. 
An    army  of  abandoned  citizens  had  prepared  a  moft 

cruel  and  moil  grievous  deftruction  for  their  country- 
I  alfume  nothing  to  myfelf. 
I  preferred  the  life  of  my  fellow-citizens  to  all  thefe. 

things. 
I  have  not  preferred  Plancus  to  you. 
You  referved  yourfelf  for  other  times. 
Great  refpect  is  fhewn  to  your  genius  and  humanity, 
I  ought  to  return  thanks  to  you* 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  67 

Excufo  ego  tu  in  is  ipfe,  in  qui  accufo  tu. 

Non  committo  pofthac,  ut  poflum  accufo  ego  de  negli- 

gentia  epiftolse. 
Accufo  is  fuus  certus  proprius  crimen. 
Oro  tu  ut  moneb  Terentia  de  teftamentum, 

RULE  XXIV. 

iEftimo  pecunia  magnus  partus. 

Quantus  puto  ego  aeftimo  ille  ? 

iEftimo  domus  plus  quam  tu  quam  fortuna  tuus. 

Animus  jam  debeo  calleo,  atque  $eftimo  omnia  minor, 

Quam  magnus  is  xflimo  fuus  authoritas  ! 
Hie  non  queo  seftimo  pecunia. 

RULE  XXV. 

Oppianicus,  paro  venenum  is. 

Puer  ille  indico  res  totus  domina  fuus. 

Victoria  Servilius  adjungo  hie  ager  populus  Romanus. 

Jubeo    decemviri    impono    vecllgal     pergrandis    ager 

omnis  public  us. 
Videor  ego  pofTum  dico  hie  unus  vero. 
Majores  nofter  relinquo  ager  hie  ego. 
Utinam  Deus  do  mens  ifte  tu. 
Impertio  pars  onus  nemo,  gloria  omnis  bonus. 

Nemo  objicio  is  Marcus  Cato,  cum  habeo  inimicus  mul- 

tus. 
Exercitus  civis  perditus  corriparo  exitium  crudelis  et  iuc- 

tuofus  patria. 
Ajlumo  nihil  ego  ipfe. 
Antepono  vita  civis  meus  hie  omnis.- 

Non  antepono  Plancus  tu. 

Refervo  tu  tempus  alius. 

Honor  magnus  tribuo  inge-nium  et  humanitas  tuus. 

Debeo  reddo  gratia  tu. 


68  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

Nature  herfelf  has  produced  many  allurements  for  us. 

I  will  explain  to  you  briefly  the  reafon  of  my  journey 
and  return. 

He  opened  the  gates  of  Dyrrachium  to  Brutus,  and  de- 
livered up  the  army. 

He  will  explain  every  thing  to  you. 

The  fight  of  the  city  has  reflored  you  to  your  former 
politenefs. 

They  trailed  themfelves  to  the  conqueror. 

Virtue  has  given  you  more  than  fortune  has  taken  away. 

I  demonitrated  the  thing  to  him,  and  explained  your 
former  life. 

He  very  carefully  explained  your  commands  to  me. 

I  do  not  ceafe  to  recommend  you  to  him. 

Temperance  bringeth  peace  to  the  mind. 

The  pleafure  of  the  mind  brings  joy  to  us. 

The  grief  of  the  people  was  the  occafion  of  liberty  to 
the  city. 

The  boy  gives  me  many  figns  of  modefly  and  ingenuity. 

The  laws  of  Lycurgus  train  die  youth  to  labour. 

Dionyfius  entrufled  the  care  of  his  body  to  fierce  barba- 
rians. 

Nature  connects  man  to  man. 

Common  underflanding  makes  things  known  to  us. 

I  will  not  prove  to  thefe  judges  that  Verres  had  taken 
money  contrary  to  law. 

He  trailed  himfelf  to  the  power  of  the  king. 

Who  firft  gave  names  to  all  things  ? 

I  will  dare  pledge  my  credit  to  you. 

I  afTume  nothing  to  myfelf... 

I  perfuaded  the  father  to  pay  the  fon's  debts. 

You  feem  to  me  in  a  maaner  to  impofe  too  fevere  rules 
on  that  age. 

I  defire  to  aifift  that  company  in  whatever  I  can. 

What  fhall  I  fay  of  Democritus  ?  Whom  can  I  com- 
pare with  him  ? 

I  will  compare  fmall  things  with  great. .  . 

Compare  this  peace  with  that  war. 

I  ought  to» compare. your  guards  with  the  want  and 
poverty  of  that  thief. 

Different  duties  are  allotted  to  different  ages,  and  fome 
are  proper  for  young  men,  others  for  thofe  who  are 
older.  . 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  69 

Matura  ipfe  gigno  blandimentum  multus  ego. 

Expono   tu  breviter  concilium  ct  profectU}  ejt  rcjvcrfib 

meus.    &U    (?lil./'fc^r<J(fnjl.    '9  £*t/~ 
Apcrio  porta  Dyrrachium  Brutus,  et  trado  exetcitus. 

Ille  explano  omnis  tu. 

Afpectus  urbs  reddo  tu  urbanitas  tuus  prifthvas* 

Credo  fui  viclor. 

Virtus  do  tu  plus  quam  fortuna  atifero.-* 

Demonftro  res  is,  et  expono  vita  tuus  prior. 

Diligentiflime  expono  mandatum  vefter  ego. 

Ego  non  dciino  commendo  ille  tu.. 

Temperantia  affero  pax  mens. 

Voluptas  mens  afFero  letitia  ego.  . 

Dolor  populus  fum  caufa  ljbertas  civitas.  - 

Puer  do  ego  fignum  multus  pudor  et  ingenium. 

I>ex  Lycurgus  erudio  juventus  labor, 

Dionyiius  committo  cuftodia  corpus  fuus  ferus  harbarus. 

Natura  concilio  homo  homo. 

Communis  intelligentia  efficio  res  notus  ego. 

Non  probo  judex  hie  Verres  capio  pecunia  contra  lex. 

Committo  fui  potePcas  rex. 

Qui  primus  impono  nomen  omnis  res  h 

Audeo  obligo  fides  meus  tu. 

Arrogo  nihil  ego. 

Perfuadeo  pater  ut  difiolvo  aes  alienus  Glius. 

Videor  ego  prope  impono  nimis  duriis  lex  hie  xtas* ... 

Cupio  commodo  is  focietas  quicunque  res  poflum. 
Quid   loquor    de    Democritus  ?     Qui    poiium    confero 

cum  is  ? 
Comparo  parvus  cum  magnus. 
Confero  hie  pax  cum  ille  bellum.  Jfi^ 

Debeo  confero  prsefidium  yefter  cum   ;nJp  et  eeeftas 

illelatro. .   ^L,    $M       ^/^™        & 
Orncium  nori^dem  tribuor  difpar   artas,    aliufque  fum 

juvenis,  alius  Senior, 


7o  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

You  order  me  to  give  thanks  to  Varro.     1  will  do  it,  • 
Add  to  many  and  fuch  different  virtues,  the  advantage  ' 

of  friendfhip. 
He  did  not  perceive  that  he  gave  immortality  to  things 

perifhable. 
Ye  know  now  what  and  how  great  power  may  be  given 

to  the  decemvirs. 
He  compares  his  old  age  to  the  old  age  of  a  flrong 

horfe. 
I  compare  a  man  with  a  man. 
I  do  not  compare  him  with  the  greateft  men. 
Compare  the  life  of  Sulla  with  the  life  of  that  man*- 
They  have  given  immenfe  funis  to  a  few  people. 
Your  fervant  Nicanor  gives  me  fingular  ailiflance. 
I,  employ  myfelf  in  hiitory. 
Caeiar,  we  all  of  us  give  you  our  be  ft  thanks. 
He  gave  excellent  precepts  to  the  young  men. 
For  thefe  reafons  he  was  prefented  with  the  freedom  of 

the  city  by  Pompey. 
I  wifh  the  immortal  Gods  would  give  you  that    difpov* 

fition. 
The  fire  imparts  vital  heat  to  all  tilings. 
He  imparted  his  grief- to  no  one.  - 
I  impart  a  ihare  of  my  trouble  to  no  one,  of  my  glory 

to  all  good  men. 
I  fear  many  things  which  I  have  informed  your  friend 

Milo  of. 
He  owes  me  a  great  deal  of  money. 
He  paid  prefent  money  to  the  woman,  which  was  n.of 

due. 
I  will  moil  religioufly  obferve,  and  carefully  execute^ 

what  I  promifed  you. 
Epicrates  owed  no  money  to  any  one. 
I  owe  you  nothing  on  the  partnerfhip  account. 
Verres  paid  nothing  at  all  to  the  cities  for  corn. 
I  have  no 'One  to  whom  I  am  more  obliged  than  to  you. 
Domitius's  fon  ordered  it  to  be  told  me,  that  his  father 

was  in  the  city. 
Tyro  will  relate  the  affair  to  you. 
He.  fometimes  called  a  boy,  to  whom  I  fuppofe  he  gave 

orders  for  fupper. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  ^i 

fubeo  ego  ago  gratia  Varro.     Facio. 

Adj  ungo  tot  tarn  que  varius  virtus,  fruclus  amicitia. 

Non  fentio  fui  do  immortalitas  res  mortalis. 

Nunc  cognofco  qui  poteftas  et  quantus  do  decemviri 

Comparo  fuus  fene&us  equus  fortis. 

Comparo  homo  cum  homo. 

Non  ego  comparo  hie  cum  fummus  vir* 

Confero  vita  Sulla  cum  vita  ille. 

Do  immanis  pecunia  pauci. 

Nicanor  tuus  do  ego  opera  egregius. 

Do  eg©  hiitoria. 

Caefar,  omnis  ago  tu  gratia  magnus. 

Do  praeclarus  preceptum  juventus. 

Ob  ille  caufa  dono  civitas  a  Pompeius» 

Utinam  Dii  immortalis  dono  mens  ifte  fill. 


Ignis  impertio  calor  vitalis  omnis. 

Impertio  dolor  fuus  nemo. 

Impertio  pars  onus  meus'nemo,  gloria  omnis  bonus. 

Metuo  multus  qui  cum  Milo  vefter  communico. 

Is  debeo  ego  multus  ntimmus. 

Is  folvo  mulier  pecunia  praefens,  non  debitus. 

San&iffime  obfervo,    que   diligenthlime  facio,    qui  pr$- 

mitto  tu. 
Epicrates  debeo  ullus  nummus  nemo. 
^  .Debeo  tu  nihil  ex  focietas. 

Verres  folvi  nihil  omnino  civitas  pro  frumentum. 
Ego  habeo  nemo  qui  debeo  plus  quam  tu. 
Domitius  filius  jubeo  nuncio  ego,  pater  fum  ad  urb;. 

Tyro  narro  res  tu. 

Non  nunquam  voco  puer,  qui  credo  impero  caena. 


72  /AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

The  report  of  mankind  conveyed  this  very  great  mi£ N 
fortune  to  the  mother,  before  any  of  the  family  of 
Opianicus. 

He  trufted  himfelf  to  the  king. 

RULE  XXVI. 

He  firft  afks  you  your  opinion. 

I  informed  you  of  Siilius's  affair. 

If  I  fhall  afk  you  any  thing,  will  you  not  anfwer  ? 

If  we  can  conceal  the  thing  from  Gods  and  men,  yet 
we  ought- to  do  nothing  unjuftly. 

I  teach  you  this.  ^^ 

He  admoniihed  me  of  thefe  things,  -according  to  your 
directions. 

I  beg  and  afk  that  of  you. 

He  entreated  this  of  the  king. 

I  beg  this  of  you  in  fuch  a  manlier,. that  J  can  beg  no- 
thing more  earneftly. 

He  begged  this  of  me,  and  earneftly  contended  for  it.  * 

Now,  in.  the  firfc  place,  I  will  afk  you  this. 

This  I  beg  and  infift  on  from  you  in  confequence  of  our 
very  intimate  friendfliip,  and  your  affection  -for. me. 

RULE  XXVII.  • 

The  hand  of  the  enemy  killed  Priam,  deprived  of  fc 

numerous  an  offspring. 
Ye  had  been  willing  to  rill  all  Italy  with  your  fettlers. 
The    Romans,  -deprived    the    Carthaginians    of  all  the 

iflands  which  they  held  in  the  Mediterranean. 
The  foldiers  returned  into  the  camp,  laden  with  fpoil. 
She  has  entangled  me  with  a  garment  that  makes  me 

mad,  when  I  knew  it  not. 
Nature  has    clothed    and  defended  the    eyes   with  the 

fineft  membranes. 

4 

RULE    XXVIII. 

In  the  firft  place  know,  that  I  was  not  firft  afked  my 

opinion. 
Allthiugs.areto.be  entru.fted  to-fortune;  we  ftriiggle 

without  any  hope. 
J%e  took  it  very  ill,  that  that  province  was  given  to  him- 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  73 

Tlumor  homo  nuncio  hie  tantus  dolor  mater,  priufquam 
quifquam  ex  familia  Opianicus. 

Committo  fui  rex.  jA^  Sifefr    -W  ' 

RULE  XXVI. 

Is  primum  rogo  tu  fententiam. 

Doceo  tu  caufa  Sillius. 

Si  rogo  tu  aliquis,  nonne  refpondeo  ? 

Si  poiTum  cclo  res  Deus  et  homo,  tamen  nihil  faciei*- 

dus  fum  injufte. 
Doceo  tu  hie, 
Moneo  ego  is  ex  tuus  mundatum. 

Peto  et  rogo  hie  a  tu. 

Peto  hie  a  rex. 

Ita  rogo  hie  a  tu,  ut  non  poffum  rogo  major  fludium. 

Peto  hie  a  ego,  que  fummecontendo. 
Nunc,  primum,  rogo  a  tu  iiie. 

JPeto  atque  contend  o  hie  a  tu,  pro  nofter  fummus  con- 
juuetio,  que  tuus  benevolei^tiain  ego. 

RULE  XXVII. 

Maims  hoftis  interimo  Priamus,  orhatus  tantus  pro- 
genies. **+ 

Volo  impleo  Italia  totus .  colonus  vefler. 

Romanus  fpolio  Paenus  omnis  infula  qui  teneo  in  marc 
Mediterraneus.  ^  \ 

Miles  reverto*  in  cafcra,  oneratus  praeda. 

Hie  irretio  ego  veftis  furialis,  inftius. 

t     Natura  vcftio  et  fepio  oculus  tenuis  membranum. 

RULE  XXVIII. 
Piiraum  fcio  ego  non  rcgo  fententia  metis. 

Omnis  committo  fortuna ;  conor  fine  fpes  ullus» 

Psro  graviter  ille  provincia  do  ille. 

H 


74  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

The  victory  was  given  to  a  learned  orator. 

I  think  that  pardon  and  impunity  fhould  be  given  t» 

the  others,  if  they  quitted  their  error. 
I  have  been  provoked  by  you  to  write. 
It  feems  to  me  that  I  fee  this  city  fooj*  finking  under» 

one  general  conflagration.  ?im±U    rn 

Aratus's  city  was  pofle  fled,  fifty  years  by  tyrants, 
I  cenfured  the  fenate  with  very  great  authority,  as  I 

ought. 
I  loved  you  from  the  day  I  knew  you,  and  judged  I 

was.  beloved  by  you. 
Ehiiofop.hers  will  have  every  £hing  to  be  as  their  own, 

and  poiTeffed  by  them. 
Deiotarus  the  fon  was  called  king  by  the  fenate. 
The  affair  is  to  be  confldered  and  judged  of  by  us. 
The  Gods  have  given  no  greater  or  better  gift  to  man. 
Since  we  have  now  walked  enough,  let  us  change  pur 

place. 
We  are  arrived  at  the  ifland,  nothing  is  pleafantsr  than 

this. 
If  you  choofe  it,  let  us  fit  down  in  the  fhade. 

RULE  XXIX. 

It  is  expedient  for  thofe  who  would  enjoy  inward  peacf* 
to  believe  Gods's  omnipotency.     It  is  mahifeft  to  me» 
that  he  rules  the  world  ?  and  it>is  clear  to  the  eyes  of 
his  fervants  that  his  providence  favours  good  men. 

I  defire  to  make  an  excurfion  into  Greece  ;  it  is  of  great    - 
confequence  to  Cicero. 

This  is  of  very  great  confequence  to  the  ftate. 

It  is  of  great  confequence  to  your  private  affairs,,  that 
you  mould  come  as  foon  as  poflible. 

It  is  of  great  confequence  to  my  affairs,  that  you  fhould 
be  at  Rome. 

It  is  of  great  confequence  to  him,  that  the  affair  fhould 
come  to  an  interregnum. 

It  is  the  intereft  of  all  men  to  act  right. 

Catiline,  you  ought  long  fmce  to  be  dragged  to  death 
at  the  command  of  the  conful. 

You  ought  to  be  well  furnifhed  with  precepts  of  philo- 
lophy. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  7e 

Palma  do  do&us  orator.  ^    *-  ^fci 

Tuto   venia  et  impunitas  do    cseterus,  fi  depono  error 

fuus.  _Jfc.  "fcn.* ;-.  * 

liacelfor  abs  tu  ad  fcribo. 
Videor  ego  video  hie  urbs  fubito  cencido  unus  ince»« 

dium. 
Aratus  civkas  teneo  quinquaginta  annus  a  tyrannus-. 
Objurgd  fenatus  cum  fummus  authoritas,  ut  videor  ego* 

Diligo.  tu  qui  dfes  cognofco,  que  judico  ego  a  tu  diligo. 

Philofophus  volo  omnis  ficut  proprius  fuus  fum  et  a  fut 

poffldeo. 
Deiotarus  nlius  appello  rex  a  fenatus. 
Res  fum  cenfendus  et  seftimandus  ego. 
Nee    ulium   majus~"aut   melius    a  Diis   datum  muntfa 

homo. 
Quoniam  jam  fatis  ambulo,  muto  locus, 

Venio  in  infula  ;•  nihil  fum  amcenus  hie 

Si  rld^tj  coafklo  m  urabr^,  # 

RULE   XXIX. 

Expedit  ille  qui  volo  fruor  pax  internus,  credo  omni- 
potentia  Deus.  Conftat  ego  ille  guberno  mundus ; 
et  liquet  oculus  fervus  is  providentia  ipfe  faveo  bonus* 

Cupio  excurro  in  Grsscia ;  magnus  intereft  Cicero. 

Hie  vehementer  intereft  res-publica. 

Multum  intereft  res  familiaris  tuus,  tu  quam  primum 

venior. 
Permagni  nofter  fum,  tu  fam  Roma. 

Permagni  is  intereft,  res  venio  ad  interregnum. 

Intereft  omnis  recte  facio. 

Catilina,  oportet  tu  jam  pridem  duco  ad  mors  juflus 

conful.    - 
Oportet  tu  abundo  praeceptum  philofophia* 


ts         an  introduction  t® 

It  is  both  proper  and  neceiTary  that  this  fhould  be  dorteu 

They  ought  to  be  ftabbed  with  a  fword. 

It  well  becomes  us  that  our  country  fhould  be  dearer  t#- 
us  than  ourfelves. 

Judges,  if  you  are  tired  of  fuch  citizens,  fhew  it. 

I  am  quite  tired  of  my  life,  every  thing  is  fo  full  of  the 
utmoft  diftrefs. 

CrafTus,  I  am  afhamed  of  you* 

Neither  myfelf  nor  others  mail  repent  of  my  induftry. 

I  am  afhamed  to  be  fo  foon  driven  from  my  opinion. 

Indeed  I  am  not  afhamed  of  you,  whufe  memory  I  ad- 
mire, but  of  Cryfippus. 

Indeed  I  am  grieved  for  the  very  walls  and  buildings. 

Indeed  you  would  now  be  in  friendfhip  with  me  again, . 
if  you  knew  how  much  I  am  afhamed  of  your  infamy,, 
of  which  you  yourfelf.  are  not  afhamed. 

RULE   XXX. 

Cities  could  neither  be  built  nor  inhabited  without  the 

aiTembly  of  men. 
How  can  we  have  an  idea  of  God,  without  his  being 

eternal  ? 
Let  not  the  wicked  prefume  to  appeafe  die  Gods  by 

gifts. 

No  one  can  avoid  that  which  is  to  come. 

You  can  fay  nothing  true. 

I  have  now  determined  to  think,  nothing  upon  public 
affairs. 

He  hefitated  not  to  erecl  an  ♦edifice  upon  another  man's 
ground. 

He  defired  to  avoid  all  bufmefs. 

No  wife  man  thinks  it  miferable  to  die. 

I  defire  to  know  what  you  think  of  thefe  things. 

The  father  propofed  to  difmherit  the  fon. 

What !   I  fay,  can  you  not  be  filent  ? 

Indeed  I  do  not  require  that,  and  yet  I  defire  to  hear  it. 

I  cannot  fuiHciently  determine  what  may  be  their  inten- 
tion. 

Many  things  feem  poffible  which  are  not. 

Indeed  it  is  often  of  no  advantage  to  know  what  will 
happen. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  77 

Oportet  et  opus  fum  hie  fio. 
Oportet  hie  trucido  ferrum. 
Decet  patria  cams  fum  ego  quam  egomet  ipfc. 

Judex,  fi  txdet  tu  talis  civis,  oftendo. 

Prorfus    tsedet    vita,    omnis     fum     plenifllmus    omnU 

miferia. 
Craffus,  pudet  ego  tu. 

Neque  paenitet  nos  neque  alius  induitria  noftra. 
Pudet  ego  tarn  cito  dejicio  de  fententia  meus. 
Pudet  ego-non  tu  quidem,  qui  memoria  admirQr,  fed 

Cryfippus. » 
Ego  quidem  miferet  paries  ipfe  atque  tectum. 
Nee  tu  jam  redeo  ingratia  ego,  cum    fi  fcio  quam  ego 

pudet  nequitia  tuus,  qui  tu  ipfe  non  pudet. 

RULE    XXX. 

Urbs  non  pcrffum  neoatdificor  nee  frequentor  fine  castus 

homo. 
Qui  ego  poffum  intelligo  Deus,  nifi  fempiternus  ? 

Impius  ne  audeo  placo  Deus  munus. 

Nemo  po/Tum  fugio  is  qui  fum. 

Poilum  dico  nihil  vere. 

Jam  ftatuo  cogito  nihil  de  res-publica.  - 

Non  dubito  extruo  sedificium  in  alienus,  . 

Cupio  efFugio  omnis  negotium. 

Nemo  fapiens  duco  mifer  morior. 

Volo  fcio  quis  cogito  de  is. 

Pater  cogito  exhaeredo  filius. 

Quis !   dico,  vos  non  poilum  taceo  ?    . 

Quidem  non  poftulo  is,  tamen  aveo  audio. 

Nee  poifum  fatis  conftituo  quis  fum  is  confilium. 

Multus  videor  po/Tum  fum  qui  nullus  fum. 
Qjaidem  faepe  ne  utilis  fum  fcio  quis  futurus  fum» 


H  % 


78  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO. 

RULE  XXXI. 

No  one  ought  to  wonder  that  human  counfels  are  oveiv 
ruled  by  divine  neceffity. 

He  perceives  innumerable  ftars  adhering  to  the  iky. 

If  we  would  acquire  a  happy  life,  we  muft  cultivate  vir- 
tue. 

The  man  was  always  affectionate  to  me. 

Nothing  is  fo  defirous  of  things  like  itfelf,-  as  nature.  . 

Ke  was  always  defirous  of  .glory. 

I  am  tired  of  the  levity  of  the  Greeks. 

Ke  was  born  of  worthy  parents,  and  in  an  -.honourable 
place. 

Publius  Sextius  was  defcended  from  a  father,  a  wife,  vir- 
tuous, and  fevere  man. 

Orpheus  and  Rhefus  were  defcended  from  a  mufe  their, 
mother. 

I  wifh  Indeed  the   defcendant  of  Venus   had  courage 
enough. 

You  have  a  fon  as  I  hear  and  hope  born  to  glory. 

RULES  XXXII,  XXXIII,  XXXIV,  XXXV, 
XXXVI. 

All  muft  die.  . 

They  muft  be  watchful  who  claim  the  administration  of 

their  country. 
Every  one  muft  ufe  his  own  judgment. 
You  ought  rather  to  be  afhamed,   if  you  continue  in . 

your  opinion. 
You  muft  always  watch  ;  there  are  many  fnares  laid  for 

the  good. 
As  phyfic  is  the  art  of  healing,  fo  prudence  is  the  art  of 

living. 
There  is  moderation  even  in  revenging  and  punifhing. 
Let  me  be  at  liberty  to  come  into  this  place,  I  avoid  not. 

the  danger  of  fpeaking. 
That  is  the  right  way  of  teaching. 
How  excellent,  how  divine,  is  the  power  of  fpeech 
Let  us  now  follow  another  kind  of  reafoning. 
I  fhould  have  written  to  you  fooner,  if  I   could  have 

found  a  fubject  to  write  on. 
The  hope  of  robbing  and  plundering  had  blinded  their 

siinds,  whom  the  allotment  of  lands  has  not  fatisfiecL 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  79 

RULE  XXXI. 

Nemo  debco  miror  humanus  confilium  fum  fupcratus 

divinus  neceffitas. 
Video  fidus  innumerabilis  inhaerens  caelum. 
Si  volo  adipifcor  vita  beata,  opera  fum  dandus  virtuSc  . 

Homo  femper  fum  peramans  ego. 

Nihil  fum  tarn  appetens  fimilis  fui,  quam  natura. 

Semper  fum  appetens  gloria. 

Perttefus  fum  levitas  Graecus. 

Natus  fum  bonus  parens,  atque  honcflus  lccus. 

Fublius  Se.xtius  fam  natus  pater,  homo  et  fapiens,   et 

fancms,  et  feverus. 
Orpheus  et  Rhefus  fum  natus  mufa  mater. 

Utinam  quidem  prognatus  Venus  habeo  fatis  animus» :. 

Sum  tu  films  ut  et  audio  et  fpero  natus  ad  gloria. 

RULES  XXXII,  XXXIII,  XXXIV,  XXXV, 
XXXVI. 

Morior  fum  omnis. 

Vigilo  fum  is  qui  depofco  fui  gubernaculum  patria*  . 

Utor  fum  quifque  fuus  judicium. 

Magis  pucfeo  fum,  fi  remaneo  in  tnus  fententia.  .. 

Vigilo  fum  femper  ;  fum  multus  infid.iar  bonus. 

Ut.medicina  fum  ars  valetudo,  fie  prudentia  fum  vivc* 

Eft  modus  uleifcor  et  punio. 

Sum  poteftas  venio  in  hie  locus,  non  recufo  -pericului?! 

dico. 
Ifle  fum  rectus  via  doceo. 
Quam  praeclarus,  quam  divinus,  vis  eloquor  ! 
Jam  fequor  alius  genus  argurnentor. 
Antea  mitto  liters  ad'  tu,  fi  invenio  genus  fcribo. 

Spes  rapio  atque  praedor  occseco  animus  is,  qui  aifig- 
jiatio  ager  non  fatis  facio. 


So  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

Unlefs  I  fhall  now  fatisfy  Cluentius,  it  will  not  be  in  my 
power  to  fatisfy  him  hereafter. 

I  went  into  Sicily  for  the  purpofe  of  making  an  inquiry. 

He  rejoiced  that  he  had  got  an  excufe  for  dying.    . 

There  is  implanted  by  nature  in  our  minds  an  infatiablc 
defire  of  perceiving  the  truth. 

1  defire  to  know  what  you  think  of  going  into  Epirus. 

All  that  time  was  fpent  in  reading,  there  was  no  leifure 
for  writing. 

They  fpend  all  their  time  in  inquiring  and  ftudying. 

No  commendation  can  induce  you  to  acl:  well. 

Do  you  deny  that  virtue  is  fufficient  for  a  happy  life  ? 

Praife  ought  to  excite  us  to  acl  welL 

Epicurus  denies  that  length  of  time  adds  any  thing  to  a, 
happy  life. 

We  are  ready  to  hear. 

To  think  right,  and  to  da  right,  is  fuftkient  for  a  hap- 
py life. 

RULE  XXXVII. 

They  came  into  a  certain  place  to  falute  fome  one. 

This  man  came  to  Caefar  to  entreat  that  he  would  par* 
don  him. 

Maecenas  went  to  diversion,  and  Virgil  went  to  bed. 

Part  of  the  army  was  fent  to  lay  wafte  the  Roman  ter- 
ritories, and  to  attempt  the  city  itfelf.  . 

RULE  XXXVIII. 

It  is  difficult  to  fay  what  may  be  the  reafon. 

That  indeed  was  moil  dreadful,  not  only  to  hear,  but 
fee. 

Thrafybulus,  thinking  that  fomething  was.to  be  attempt- 
ed for  his  country,  gathered  together  the  exiles. 

It  is  incredible  to  be  told,  that  the  numbers  of  the  enemy 
and  their  fhouts  did  not  difmay  him. 

RULE    XXXIX. 

I  only  afk  you  whether  you  think  my  enemy's  hatred1 

of  me  was  moderate. 
A  certain  man  afked  me  when  I  left  Rome,  and  whether 

there  was  any  news  there. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN*.  gu 

Nifi  nunc  fatisfacio  Cluentius,  poteftas  non  fum  mihi 

fatisfacio  poltea. 
Proficifcor  in  Sicilia  caufa  inquiro. 
Gaudeo  fui  nanicifcor  caufa  morior. 
Infum  natura  mens  nofter  infatiabilis  qui  dam  cupiditas 

verum  video. 
Volo  fcio  quis  tu  cogito  de  traitfori  in  Epirus. 
Is   omnis  tempus   confumo    in   lego,   non   fum   otiunt 

fcribo. 
Confumo  omnis  tempus  in  qucero  et  difco. 
Laus  non  poffum  allicio  tu  ad  bene  facio. 
Nego  virtus  fatis  pofium  ad  beate  vivo  ? 
Laus  debeo  allicio  ego  ad  recle  facio. 
Epicurus   nego   diuturnitas    tempus   efFero   aliquis    ai 

bene  vivo. 
Sum  paratus  ad  audio. 
Bene   fentio,    recteque   facio,    fum  fatis    ad   bene   que 

beate  vivo. 

RULE  XXXVII.  - 

Venio  ad  aliquis  locus  faluto  aliquis. 
Hie  venio  ad  Csefar  oro  ut  ignofco  fui. 

Maecenas  eo  ludo,  Virgil  iufque  eo  dormio. 
Pars  exercitus  mitto  depopulor  ager  Romanus,  et  tento 
urbs  ipfe. 

*RULE    XXXVIII. 

Sum  difficilis  dico  quis  fum  caufa. 

Hie  vero  taUer,  non  modo  audio,  fed  etiam  afpicio. 

Thrafybulus,  ratus  aliquis  audeo  pro  patria,  contraho 

exul. 
Sum  incredibilis  dico,  nee  numerus  hoftis  nee  clamor 

terreo  ille. 

RULE  XXXIX. 

Tantum  requiro  a  tu  utrum  puto  odium  inimicus  fum 

mediocris  in  ego. 
Qnidam  quaefo  ex  ego  quis  dies  exeo  Rcma7  et  nu*n 

cmis  fum  in  is  novus, 


tr  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

I  fear  left  I  fhould  again  be  of  a  different  opinion  f; 
you. 

0  folly !  or  whether  may  I  call  it  folly  cr  remarkable 
impudence  ? 

1  fear  left  he  may  attribute  more  to  virtue  than  nature 
may  allow. 

I  hope  I  have  a  very  good  fhip.     I  wrote  this  as  fooa 

as  I  got  on  board. 
But  do  you  prefs  the  opportunity  ? 
What  are  you  willing  to  give  me,  'ti^it  thefe  perfons 

may  not  be  taken  from- me  ? 

RULE  XL." 

Obferve,  this  is  what  I  before  mentioned. 

Behold  the  crime,  behold  the  caufe  for  which  a  fugitive 
accufes  his  king,  a  Have  his  matter**'' 

See  thefe  interpreters  of  leagues. 

See  the  reafon  for  which  this  excellent  law  was  intro- 
duced, that  we  might  have  thofe  perfons  for  judges 
whom  no  one  would  choofe  to  entertain  asguefts* 

In  what  part  of  the  world  are  we  ?  -   ^ 

<j  ye  immortal  Gods !  of  what  nation  are  we  ?  What 
government  have  we  ?  In  what  city  do  we  live  ? 

TU^TCCll  men  n^ve  no  one  to  take  the  lead,  our  pa- 
trons of  liberty  are  far  off. 

^Egypta  came  to  me  the  day  before  the  ides  of  April. 

Philotimus  came  the  day  before  that  day. 

I  have  lefs  ftrength  than  either  of  you. 

I  am  convinced  you  have  not  as  yet  ftrength  fufticient 
for  me  to  difpute  with  you. 

There  is  protection  fufficient  in  virtue  to  procure  a  hap- 
py life. 

RULE  XLL 

I  fent  to  Athens  to  meet  him. 

Though  they  were  out  of  the  way,  they  went  down  to 

meet  him. 
I  have  fent  Tyro  to  meet  Dolabella  ;  he  will  return  on 

the  ides. 
You  in  the   mean  time  was  at  Rome,  to  afllft  jou* 

friends  truly. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  33 

Vereor  ne  rurfus  difTcntio  a  tu. 

O  ftultitia!  ne  dico  ftultitia,  an  impudcntia  fingularis  ?  ^ff^- 

Vereor  ne  tribuo  plus,  virtus  quam  natura  patior.  /«/a*"- 

,  Sperojaos  habeo  navis  valde  bcnus.    Scribo  hie  fimulat- 
que  confcendo. 
Quin  tu  urgeo  occafio  ifte  ? 
<^uis  volo  do  nos,  ne  ifte  aufero  a  tu  ? 


RULE  XL. 

En,  hie  ille  fum  qui  antea  dico. 

En  crimen,  en  caufa  qui  fugitivus  accufo  rex,  fervur 

dominus. 
En  interpres  foedus. 
£n  caufa  cur  lex  tam  egregius  fero5  ut  is  judex  habeo 

qui  hofpes  habeo  nemo  volo. 

Ubi  terra  fum  ? 

O  Dii  immortalisl  ubinam  gens  fum  ?    Qui  res-publica 

habeo?     In  qui  urbs  vivo  ? 
Bonus  non  habeo  dux,  vindex.  libertas  longe  gens  ab- 

fum. 
JEgypta  venio  ad  ego.pridie  idus  Aprilis. 
Bhilotimus  venio  pridie  is  dies. 
Habeo  minus  vis  quam  utervis  verier. 
Statuo  tu  nondum  habeo  fatis  vis  ut  ego  luclor  cumj^i. 

£ft  fatis  prasfidium  in  virtus  ad,vivendus  beatc. 


RULE   XLL 

Mitto  Athense  obviam  ille. 

Cum  fum  devius,  obviam  is  defcendo. 

Ego  mitto  Tyro  obviam  Dolabella  5  revertor  idus. 

Ta  interea  fum  Roma,  fcilicet  fum  praefto  amicus, 


*4  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

Ipicratcs  came  to  meet  me  a  long  way  with  all   h'U 
friends. 

The  whclc  city  came  out  to  meet  him  as  he  came  to 

town. 
Little  gowns  w:re  provided  for  the  lienors  at  the  gates. 
■Why  was  the  camp  moved  farther  from  the  camp  of 

the  enemy,  and  nearer  to  the  citv  ? 

RULES  XXII,  XLIII,  XLIV. 

The  wiferi  philofophers  have  properly  looked  for   the 

origin  of  the  chief  good  in  nature. 
From  every  virtue  particular  kinds  of  duties  arife.- 
Llis  fellow-citizens  drove  Hannibal  out  of  the  city. 
1  have  thought;  much  and  long  upon  that  very  fubjecl:, 
Hannibal  referved  nothing  for  his  private  ufe. 
Where,  is  there  any  .virtue,  if  there  is  nothing  put  in 

our  own  power  ?  Ik 

*  1  hey  are  in  the  fame  error. 
TJiofe  things  which  depend  upon  falfe  principles,  cannot 

be  true. 
Upon  which  fubjett,  as  I  have  faid  enough  in  my  Cato 

Major. 
We  cannot  do  every  -thing  by  Qurfelves. 
Some  fay  that  the  feat  of  die  foul  is  in  the  heart,  others 

in  the  brain. 
What  then  is  that  to  us  ? 
"To  feparate  the  mind  from  the  body,' is  nothing  elfe  than 

: to  learn  to  die. 
We  are  ready  to  refute  without  pbflinacy,  and  to  be  re» 

fttfed  without  angfer. 
Cur  fentiments  always  agreed  together,  as  in  peace,  fo 

alfb  in  war. 
Hannibal  was  at  the  gates. 
But  this  indeed  is  nothing  to  the  purpofe. 
It  is  eafy  to  be  freed  from  fuperilition,  if  you  take  away 

all  the  power  of  the  Gods. 
You  make  a  lubjecl,  in  my  opinion  not  the  leaft  doubt- 
ful, doubtful  by  arguing. 
I  am  of  that  opinion  which  I  know  you  always  were  of. 
He  was  InftrucWd  in  Greek  learning. 
I   faid  fo    in  that  my  firft  fpeech  on  the    calen.'s   of 

January. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  8$ 

Xpicrates  procedo  obviam  ego  longe  cum  cives  omnis. 

Totus  civitas  procedo  obviam  hie  veniens  ad  urbs. 

Togula  praefto  fum  liclor  ad  porta. 
Cur  caftra   moveo   longius   caftra  hoftis,   et  proprius 
urbs  ? 

RULES  XLII,  XLIII,  XLIV. 

^Gravis  philofophus  jus  peto   initium  fummus   bonurn 

a  natura. 
Ex  fingulus  virtus  certus  genus  officium  nafcor. 
Suus  civis  ejicio  Hannibal  a  civitas. 
Cogito  multum  et  diu  de  ifte  res. 
Hannibal  refervo  nullus  ad  ufus  fuus. 
Ubi  virtus,  fi  nihil  fum  fitus  in  ego  ipfe  ? 

"Verfor  in  fimilis  error. 

-Qui  a  falfus  initium  proficifcor,  ne  poffum  fum  veru& 

De  qui,  quoniam  dico  fatis  multus  hi  Cato  Major. 

Non  poffum  ago  omnis  per  ego. 

Alius  dico  fedes  animus  fum  in  cor,  alius  in  cerebrum. 

Quis  igitur  fum  is  ad  ego  ? 

Secerno  animus  a  corpus,  nequidquam  alius  fum  quam 

difco  emorior. 
Paro  refello  fine  pertinatia,  et  refello  fine  iracundia. 

Senfus  nofter  femper  congruo,  ut  in  pax,  fie  etiam  in 

bellum. 
Hannibal  fum  ad  porta. 
Sed  hie  jam  nihil  ad  res. 
Sum  facilis  libero  fuperftitio,  cum  tollo  omnis  vis  Deux* 

Facio  res,  meus  fententia  minim  dubius,  dubius  argu- 

mentor. 
Ego  fum  in  ifta  fententia  qui  fcio  tu  femper  fum. 
Erudio  Grsecus  do&rma. 

Dico  primus  meus -ille  oratio  calends;  Januarius* 
I 


&5  -AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

Do  I  feem  to  you  to  be  in  fuch  want  of  friends  ? 
Indeed,  in  my  opinion,  there  is  the  greateft  truth  in  the 

fenfes. 
He  threw  the  reft  of  the  body  into  the  fea. 
He  threw  my  brother. into  prifon. 
He  prepared  a  mailer  and  a  tyrant  fcr,  pur  children. 
He  hid  himfelf  in  a  dark  part  of  the  ft  air- cafe. 
She  married  into  a  very  diftinguiflied  family. 
Should  I  alone  be  drawn  into   any  ?di$cplty,  I  would 

bear  it  patiently. 
Let  us  quit  the  theatre;  let  us*gO  into  the  forum. 
The  report  of  the  comitia  reached  as  far  as  Cuma. 
Cepheus  is  buried  up  to,  the  loins. 

RULEXLV. 

I  wifn  we  could  .wipe  away  the  tears  from  all.thefe,  by 

our  votes  and  decrees. 
I  am  abfent  both  from  my  houfe  and  the  forum. 
The  Portian  law  has  removed  the  rod  from  .the  body  of 

every  Roman  citizen. 
They  fay  the  foul  exifts  after  it  has  quitted  the  bodjjv 
The  law  orders  us  to  approach  the  Gods  with  a  pure 

mind. 
Ke  ought  to  detzft  that  fufpicion 
He  flew  to  the  city  with  incredible  fwiftnefs. 
Men  could  fcarce  keep  their  hands  from  you. 
A  man  of  the  greateft  power  fled  from  Brundufium  t© 

the  city. 

Thofe  trades  are  difapproved  of,  which  incur  the  diflike 

of  mankind. 
c**&  - 

RULES    XLVI,    XLVII. 

Oh  houfe  !   alas,  how  art  thou  governed  ! 
Oh  !   my  friend  Furnius,  how  have  you  been  unacquaint- 
ed with  your  owncaufe,  who  can  fo  eailly   underftand 

other  perfons ! 
Oh  excellent  guardian  of  the  fheep  !   a  wolf. 
Oh  wretched  and  unhappy  that  day  in  which  Sulla  was 

appointed  conful  by  all  the  centuries  ! 
O  night!    thou  who  haft  aim  oft  brought  eternal  dark- 

nefs  over  this  city  * 


/HE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  tf 

Tideor  ne  tu  fum  tantus  inopia  amicus  ? 

Mens  quidem  judicium,  ium  magnus  vcritas  in  fenfas; 

Abjicio  reliquus  corpus  in  mare. 

Conjicio  'fratcr  in  vincula. 

Cbmpono  magifter  et  tyrannus  in  nofter  liberi. 

Abdo  fui  in  tenebne  fcala. 

Nubo  in  familia  elariilimus.  * 

Si    folus    adducg    in    difcrimen    aliquis,    fero    animus 

aiquior. 
Exeo  e  theatrnm,  venio  in  forum. 
Rumor  de  comitia  clare  tenus  Cuma\ 
Cepheus  condo  tenus  lumbus. 

RULE  XLV. 

Utinam  poffum  abftergo  hie  omnis  iletus,  fententia  nof- 
ter et  coniiiiu 

Abium  et  domus'et  forum/ 

Portius  lex  amoveo  virga  a  corpus  omnis  civis  Roma» 
mis, 

Aio  animus  maneo  cum  excedo  e  corpus-. 

Lex  jubeo  accedo  ad  Deus  cafte. 

Debeo  abhorreo  ab  ifta  fufpicio. 

Advolo  ad  urbs  incredibiKs  celeritas. 

Homo  vix  poffum  abftineo  mamas  a  tu. 

Homo  potentiflimus  advolo  aj^  iirbs  a  Brundufium.  • 

Is  quseftus  improbo,  qui  incurro  in  odium  homo. 


RULES  XLVI,  XLVII. 

O  domus  !  heu,  quam  gubernor  ! 

CU  meus  Fumius,  quam  tu  non  nofco  tuus  caufa,  qui 
tarn,  facile  difco  alienus  ! 

O  prseclarus  cuftos  ovis  !   lupus. 

,0  mifer  et  infelix  dies  ille  qui  Sulla  renuntio  conful  om- 
nis centuria ! 
O  ncx  !  qui  fere  affero  asternus  tenebrse  hie  urbs  I 


88  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

O  the  cunning  fellows  !    with  how  few  words  do  they 

expect  to  finifh  the  bufmefs  ! 
O  your  pleafmg  letters  !  two  of  which  were  delivered  td 

me  at  one  time. 
We  have  fent  ambaffadors,  alas  !  miferable  me  ! 

0  ye.  immortal  Gods  !  guardians  and  prefervers  of  this 
city  and  empire,  what  wickednefs  have  ye  feen  ! 

Woe  is  me  !  I  cannot  recoiled:  this  without  tears. 

RULE  XLVIII. 

He  purchafed  the  rank  of  a  fenator  with  money  down* 
He  fold  it  to  fome  one  for  a  large  fum  of  money. 

1  would  have  moil  willingly  redeemed  the  ftate  from- 

definition,  at  my  own  private  lofs. 
I  faved  the  life  of  all  the  citizens  by  the  punifbment  of 

five  abandoned  men. 
He  openly  bought  himfelf  off  with  money. 
He  bought  the  houfe  almoft  an  half  dearer  than  he  va>* 

lued  it. 
He  fold  it  for  a  very  great  price. 
He  fold  it  for  no  very  great  price. 
As  any  po/Teffes  what  is  of  moft  value,  fo  is  he  to  be 

reckoned  richeft. 
The  land  is  now  of  much  more  value  than  it  then  was. 
Ccrn  was  in  no  place  of  fo  much  value  as  he  reckoned 

it. 
Of  what  confequence  do  you  think  this  was  to  a  man's 

character  1 
I  could  willingly  die  for  Pompey  ;  of  all  men  I  efteem 

no  one  more. 
He  fold  that  for  as  much  as  he  valued  it. 
If  you  efteem  me  as  much  as  you  certainly  do. 
I  am  not  ignorant  of  what  confequence  you  efteem  his 

name. 
I  fell  my  goods  for  no  more  than  other  perfons,  pro* 

bably  for  lefs. 

RULE  XLIX. 

Our  morals  are  corrupted  by  our  admiration  of  wealth. 
Every  one  is  moft  attracted  by  his  own  ftudies. 
I  fhould  think  envy,  procured  by  virtue,  not  envy,  but 
glory. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  S* 

O  acutns  homo  !   quam  pauci  vcrbum  puto  negotiurfl 

confejflus  ! 
O  fuavis  epiilola  tuus !   duo  datus' ego  unus  tempus. 

Mitto  legatus,  heu  !   ego  mifer  ! 

Pro  Dii  immortalis !   cuftos  et  confcrvator  hie  urbs,  qui 

feci  us  video  ! 
Hei  ego  !   non  pofTum  commemoro  hie  fine  lachryma. 

RULE  XLVIII. 

Mersor  ordo  fenatorius  pretium. 
Vehdo  aliqitis  grandis  pecunia. 

Ego  libentiflime  redimo  calamitas  a  res-publica,  n 
pnvatus  incommodum. 

Ego  redimo  vita  omnis  civis  poena  quinque  homo  per- 

ditus. 
Palam  redimo  fui  pecunia. 
Is  emo  domus  prope  dimidium  cams  quam  redimo. 

Vendo  is  quam  plurimus. 
Vendo  is  non  ita  magnusl 
Ut  quifque  pofiideo  qui  fum  plurimus,  ita  habeo  ditif-- 

iimus. 
Ager  nunc  Aim  multo  plus  quam  tunc  fum. 
Frumentum  fum  in  liullus  locus  tantus  quanti  ille  redimo». 

Quantus  piito*liic  fam  ad  fama  homo  ? 
*  '  .* 

Ego  libenter  poflum  emorior  pro  Pompeius ;  omnis  ho- 
mo stfftimo  nemo  pins. 
Vendo  is  tanti  quantus  reilimo. 
Si  facio  ego  tantus  qlianti  eerie  facio. 
Non  ignoro  quantus  puto  nomen  is* 

Vendo   meus   ncn   plus    quam    creter,    fortaffe    etiam 
minor. 

RULE  XL1X. 

Mos  cormmpor  que  depravor  admiratio  divitire. 

Quifque  maxime  duco  fuum  ftudium. 

Puto  iavidia,  partus  gloria,  non  invidia,  fed  gloria. 

I  2 


90  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

I  will  fay  this  with  your  permiffion.  * 

Some  are  moved  by  grief,  others  by  paffion. 

3  agree  with  thofe  who  think  all  thefe  things  are  regu 

lated  by  nature.    ■ 
He  who  fears  that  which  cannot  be  avoided,  can  on  no 

account  live  with  a  quiet  mind. 
It  cannot  be  told  how  much  I  am  delighted  with  your 

yefterday's  difcourfe. 
Thou  haft  killed  him  with  fcourges. 
Thou  haft  ftruck  him  with  an  axe. 
Some  amufement  is  allowed  to  youth  by  die  confent  of" 

all.      . 
All  Italy  has  been  inflamed  with  the  love  of  liberty. 
Milo  is  not  moved  with  thefe  tears. 
He  offended  no  one  in  word,  deed,  or  look. 
I  am  not  fo  much  pleafed  with  news,  as  with  your  let- 
ters. 
The   Roman  people  expreffed  their  pleafure  by  a  very 

great  ihouting. 
I  wondered  that  you  wrote  to  me  with  your  own  hand. 
I  perceive  that  you  are  rejoiced  at  my  moderation  and. 

forbearance. 
We  are  by  nature  inclined  to  love  mankind. 
All  men  are  captivated  by  pleafure. 

v     RULE  L. 

How  much  I  wifh  you  had  continued  at  Rome  !  which 

you  would  have  certainly  done,  had  we  fuppofed  thefe 

things  would  happen. 
I  remain  in  fufpenfe  at  Theftalonica. 
1  had  no  doubt  but  that  I  fhould  fee  you  at  Tarentum 

or  Brundufium. 
Dionyfms  taught  children  at  Corinth. 
I  feem  to  be  at  Rome,  when  I  am  reading  your  letters.. 
I  fuppofe  when  you  were  at  Athens  you  were  often  in; 

the  fchools  of  the  philofophers. 
He  on  the  contrary  was  fo  much  at  his  eafe,  that  he  was 

all  the  while  at  Naples. 
There  is  a  ftrong  report  at  Puteoli,  that  Ptolemy  is  re- 

ftored  to  his  kingdom. 
It  is  reported  that,  he  went  to  Curroe. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  9r 

Dico  hie  pax  tuus. 

Alius  moveo  dolor,  alius  cupiditas. 

Aflentior  is  qui  puto  hie  omnis  rego  natura. 

Qut  metuo  is  qui  non  poffum  vitor,.   is  nullus  modus 

poffum  vivo  animus  quietus. 
Non  poffum  dico  quam  delecto  hefternus  difputatio.  • 

Neco  ille  verber.. 

Percutio  ille  fecuris. 

Aliquis  ludus  do  adolefcentia  confenfus  omnis. 

Totus  Italia  exardeo  defiderium  libertas.       /ff /Lu  >'  /ajfy1*1 

Milo  non  moveo  hie  lachryma.  -&*eJ  av**  <-"ltt 

OfFendo  nemo  res,  verbum,  vultus. 

Non  tarn  deleclpr  res  novus,  quam  tuus  liters. 

Populus  Romanus  fignifico  voluntas  clamor  maximus». 

Admiror  quod  fcribo  ad  ego  manus  tuus. 
Video  tu  laetor  nofler  moderatio  et  continentia* 

Sum  propenfus  natura  ad  homo  diligendus. 
Omnis  capio  voluptas. 

RULE  L. 

Quam  volo  raaneo  Roma  !  qui  ago  profecxo  fi  puto  hie 
fum. 

Maneo  fufpenfus  Theffalonica. 

Non  fum  ego  dubius  quin  \ideo  tu  Tarentum  aut  Brim- 

dufium. 
Dionyfius  doceo  puer  Corinthus. 
Videor  fum  Roma,  cum  lego  literae  tuus. 
Credo  cum  fum  Athense  fsepe  fum  in  fchola  philofophus. 

Hie  contra  ita  quiefco,  ut  fum  is  tempus  omnis  Nea- 

pclis. 
Magnus  fum  rumor  Puteoli,  Ptolemeus  fum  in  regnum* . 

Fero  fui  confero  Cumas, 


AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

RULE  LI. 

If  I  dared,  I  would  go  to  Athens. 

T  will  mention  what  I  myfelf  faw  when  I  came  to  Capua. 

Do  you  vifit  that  place  with  pleafure,  where  Demofthe- 

nes  and  JEfchines  often  difputed  with  each  other  ? 
I  have  come  to  Athens.,  fays  Democritus,  and  no  one 

there  knew  me. 
I  defire  to  go  to  fee  Alexandria,  and  the  reil  of  Egypt. 

RULE  LIL     * 

I  was  forry  that  Servius  left  Athens. 

Gsefar  retired  from  Alexandria,  happy,  as  he  thought' 

himfelf. 
Why  was  my  acquaintance   Drufus  killed  in  his  own. 

houfe  ? 
That  man  was,  as  you  know,  illuftrious  abroad,  and  t(£. 

be  admired  at  home.  . 

RULE  LIIL 

Clodius  was  caught  at  Caefar*s  houfe. 

He  is  either  at  home,  or  not  far  from  home. 

Had  you  not  rather  be  fafe  in  your  own  houfe,  tha;? 

unfafe  at  another  man's  ? 
The  Egyptians  embalm  their  dead,  and  keep  them  at 

home. 
Diodo.tus,    the   floic,    lived    many  years    blind    at   ray 

houfe. 
Every  thing  was  venal  at  your  houfe,  by  the  moft  fcan- 

dalous  traffic. 
I  perceive  how  much  eafier  it  would  have  been  to  have 

flaid  at  home,  than  to  return. 
When  I  was  at  ieifure  at  home. 

It  accidentally  happened  that  we  were  in  the  country. 
I  think  that  Atticus  is  in  the  country. 
Firfl;  make  my  compliments  to  Attica,  who  I  "fuppcfe  is 

in  the  country. 
He  fufFered  him  to  be  in  the  country. 
Balbus  came  directly  to  my  houfe. 
He  flies  into  the  country  out  of  town,  as  from  confines 

ment. 
Tlhey  flew  from  the  city  into  the  country,.: 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.     ,£ 

RULE  LI. 

Si  audeo,  peto  Athenae. 

Commemoro  is  qui  egomet  video- cum  venio  Capua. 

An  libenter  invifo  is  locus,  ubi  Demoithenes  et  iEichines 

foleo  decerto  inter  fui  ? 
Venio  Athenae,    Democritus  inquit,   neque  quifque  ibi 

agnofco  ego. 
Cupio  vifo  Alexandria,  que  reliquus  iEgyptus. 

RULE  LII. 

Servius  difcedio  Athenae  molefte  fero. 

Caefar  recipio  fui  Alexandria  felix,  ut  videor  fui. 

Cur  fodalis  meus  Drufus  interficio  fuus  domus  ? 

Ule  virfum,  ficut  fcio,  cum  forts  clarus,  turn  domus  ad- 
mirandus* 

RULE  LIIL. 

Clbdius  deprehendor  domus  Caefar. 

Aut  fum  domus,  aut  non  longe  a  domus. 

Nonne  malo  fum  line    periculum    domus    tuus,    quana 

cum  periculum  alienus  ? 
JEgyptas  condio  mortuus,  et  fervo  is  domus. 

Diodotus,    ftoicus,     vivo   multus    annus    caecus  domus 

nofter. 
Omnis  fum  venalis  domus  tuus,  mercatio  turpiffimus. 

Intelligo    quantus  fum  facilis    maneo    domus,    quam. 

redeo. 
Cum  fum  otiofus  domus. 
Forte  evehio  ut  fum  rus. 
Arbitror  Atticus  fum  rus. 
Primum  do  falus  Attica,  qui  arbitror  fum  rus, 

Patior  hie  fum  rus. 

Balbus  recte  venio  domus  meus. 

Evolo  rus  ex  urbs,  tanquam  ex  vinculum*. 

Evolo  ex  urbs  rus, 


54  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

You  have  driven  me  from  my  houfe. 
They  were  unwilling  to  go  from  home.  . 
They  did  not  remove  themfelves  from  home.  . 

RULE  LI.V.  .. 
I  hear  that  there  is  neither  gold  nor  filve-r  in  Britain*  - 

I  am  very  glad  that  you  did  not  go  into  Britain. 
I  wait  to  know  what  is  doing  in  hither  Gaul.  ' 
I  came  by  fca  from  Epidaurus  to  the  Pirxus,  with  an 
intent  to  go  from.Athens  to  Bceotia. , 

RULE  LV. 

He  ordered  that -he  fhould  be  a  thc-xifand  paces  frcro? 

the  city. 
He.  pitched  his  camp  fix  miles  from  the  enemy. 
Arnihal  was  three  days'  journey  from  Tarrentum.  - . 
1  Be  walls  of  Babylon  were  two  hundred-  feet  high,  and 

fifty  broad, 

RULE  LVI. 

The  origin  cf  all  this  wickednefs  mail  be  explained  in- 
ks proper  time.  -* 
The  fenate  was  at  the  fame  time  in  the  temple  df  Con-. 

cord. 
There  are  three  things  whkh  at  this  time  make  againft 

Rofcius. 
I  beg  you  would  be  at  Rome  in  the  month  of  January. 
From  the^  Appian  forum,  at  ten  o'clock  in  the  morning, 

I.  fent  another  letter  a  little  before,  from  the  three 

taverns, 
Pomponia  ordered  me  to  be  informed,  that ;  you  would 

be  at  Rome  in  the  month  of  Auguft. 
The  fun  fhone  out  on  the  third  day. 
He  was  at...war  for  twenty  years  with  wicked  citizens, 
I  fupped  with  Pompey  that  day  by  accident. 
He  had  a  houfe  for  many  years  at  Rome. 
Conilder,  I  beg  of  'yen,  thefe  things  day  and  night. 
No  one  has  been  an  enemy  to  the  ftate  thefe  twenty 

years,  who  has  not  at  the  fame  time  declared  war 

againft  me. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  $5 

Fxpello  ego  domus  mens. 
Nolo  cxeo  domus. 
>Non  commovco  fui  clomps. 

RULE    LIV. 

Audio    nihil  fum    nequc    aurum    neque   argentum    in 

Britannia. 
Vebemcntei  gaudeo  tu  non  profcifcor  in  Britannia. 

n  in  expe&atio  ut  fcio  quis  gcro  in  Gallia  criterion 
Advchor   uavis   Piraeus  af>  Epidaurus,  i;    coniilium  ut 

co  ab  Athens  ad  BceoTia. 

KXjLt  LV. 
Edico  ut  abfem  urbs  millia  partus. 

Pono  caftra'iex  millc  pafius  ab  hoftis. 
tWmibal  abfum  via  triduura  a  Tarentum. 
Murus  Babylon  fum  ducenti  pes  .altus.  et  quinquar- 
latus. 

RULE  LVI. 
JRons  tctus'hic  fcelus  aperlo  fuus  tempus. 

Senatus  fam  idem  tempus  in  aqd.es  Concordm- 

Tres  fum  qui  hic^  tempus  obfto  JRqfcius. 

"Rogo  tu  ut  Roma  fum  menfis  Januarius. 
Ab  Appkis  forum,  bora  quartus,  do  alius  pauio  ante 
a  tres  taberna. 

"'Pomponia    jubeo   nuntio    ego,  tu   fiim    Roma   menik 

fextilis. 
Sol  iiluceo  tertius  dies. 
Gero  bellum  viginti  annus  clyis  improbus, 
vCceno  apud  "Porhpeius  is  dies  cafus. 
Hie  habeo  domicilium  Roma  multus  annus. 
"Quaefo  meditor'is  dies  et  nox. 
Nemo  fum  hoftis  res-publica  hie  annus  viginti  qui,  no-:;. 

idem  tempus  indico  beiium  ego  quogue* 


4)6  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

Pofidonius,  a  fcholar  of  his,  writes,  that  Pansetius  lived 
thirty  years  after  he  had  publifhed  thofe  books. 

RULE  LVII. 

I  fpeak  of  thofe  alfo  who  are  not  in  the  number  of  the 

enemy. 
There  you  will  collect  what  belongs  to  this  fubjecl. 
The  ground  which  has  refted  many  years  ufually  pro- 
duces very  plentiful,  crops. 
I  do  not  indeed  now  difpute  what  may  be  mod  conve- 
nient. 
.Now  let  us  fee  what  is  wont  to  be  advanced  on    the 

other  fide  of  the  que  ft  ion. 
I  will  omit  thefe  things  ;  I  will  .reply  to  thofe  which 

affect  me  more. 
They  who  defire  to  fell,  will  not  find  buyers. 
Who  then  was  prefent  ?     He  fays,  the  brother  of  my 

wife. 
What  relation  is  he  to  you  ?    My  brother. 
He    underwent    many  things    befides,    which   neceffity 

obliged  him  to  bear. 
I  now  return  to  thofe  things  which  you  directed  me. 
You  will  perceive,  by  the  fame  books,  both  what  I  did 

and  what  I  faid. 
I  expected  the  arrival  of  Menander,   whom  I  fent  to 

you,  with  the  utmoft  impatience. 
I  have  nothing  further  which  I  can  write  to  you. 
Where  then  are  thofe  whom  you  call  miferable,  or  what 

place  do  they  inhabit  ? 
Why    am    I   compelled  to  find  fault  with  the   fenate, 

whom  I  have,  always  commended  ? 
Rabinius  was  amongft  thofe  whom  he  had  been  moll 

mad  if  he  had  oppofed,  moft  bafe  if  he  had  deferted. 
When  I  fay  all,    I  except  thofe  whom  no  one  thinks 

worthy  of  being  citizens. 
All  the  reafons  which  you  mention  are  both  moft  juft, 

and  moft  worthy  of  your  authority  and  dignity. 
I  have  received  your  letter,  in  which  you  advife  me  to 

come  to  Brundufium  very  foon. 
The  ccnfuls  came  to. that  army  which  I  had  in  Apulia- 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  97 

« 

Scriptus  a  Poffidonius,  difcipulus  is,  Fanxtius  vivo  tri- 
ginta  annus  poftquam  edo  ille  liber. 

RULE   LVII. 

Ego  dico  etiam  de  is  qui  non  fum  in  numerus  hoftis. 

Illic  afTumo  qui  pertineo  ad  hie  locus. 

Ager  qui  quiefco  annus  multus,  foleo  effero  fruges  uber. 

Ego  ne  jam  quidem  difputo  qui  fum  expeditus. 

Nunc  video  is  qui  foleo  difputor  contra. 

Omitto  hie  ;  refpondeo  ad  ille  qui  magis  moveo  ego. 

Qui  cupio  vendo,  non  reperio  emptor. 

Quis  ergo  adfum  ?    Inquit,  frater  uxor  meus. 

Quis  fum  is  tu  ?  Frater. 

Perievero  multus  prxterea,  qui  neceffitas  cogo  fero. 

Nunc  redeo  ad  is  qui  mando  ego. 
Perfpicio,  ex  is  liber,  et  qui  gero  et  qui  dico. 

Expeclo  adventus  Menander,  qui  mitto  ad  tu,  cura  fum- 

mus. 
Non  habeo  prxtera  qui  fcribo  ad  tu. 
Ubi  igitur  fum  ille  qui  dico  mifer,  aut  qui  locus  incolo  ? 

•  Cur  cogor  reprehendo  fenatus,  qui  femper  laudo  ? 

.Rabinius  fum  cum  is,  qui  amentiflimus  fum  fi  oppugno9 

turpiffimus  fi  relinquo. 
Cum  dico  omnis,  excipio  is  qui  nemo  puto  dignus  civitas. 

Omnis  caufa  qui  commemoro  fum  juftus,  et  dignus  tuus 

authoritas  et  dignitas. 
.Accipio  literse  tuus,  qui  hortor  ego  ut  veaio  Brundu- 

fium  celerius. 
^Conful  venio  ad  is  excercitus  qui  habeo  in  Apulia. 


K 


98  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

RULE    LVIII. 

I  did  not  blame  your  caufe,  but  your  plan. 

We  fliould  take  care  that  the  punifhment  may  not  be 

greater  than  the  fault. 
We    place    confidence   in    thofe   who    we    think    know 

more  than  ourfelves. 
We  are  cornpofed  of  foul  and  body. 
He  ordered  the  man  to  be  feized  and  carried  to  Scanrus. 
All  perfons  have  thought  her  rather  always  the  friend 

of  every  one,  than  the  enemy  -of  any  one. 
That  clamour  nothing  diflurbs,  but  comforts  me,  as  it 

fhews  there  are  feme  ignorant  citizens?  out  not  manv. 

RULE  LIX. 

Both  I  and  Balbus  -lifted  up  our  hands. 

Fortitude  and  wifdom  fcarcely  feem  feparable. 

Habit   and    rcafon   have  made  you  more    patient  and 

gentle. 
Pomponius  and  Sextius  and  Fife. have  as  yet  kept  me 

at  Theffalonica. 
The    great-grandfather     and     the    grandfather     were 

prretors. 

JIULE    LX. 

Though  he    is    without,  fault,  yet  he   is   not  free- from 

fufpicion. 
All  pleafant  things,  although  they  may  be  judged  of 

by  t.he  outward  fenfes,  yet  ought  to  be  referred  to 

the  mind. 
Unlefs  it  is  difagreeable,  repeat  what  you  have  begun. 

RULE    LXI. 

Who  was  ever  more  knowing  than  this  man  ? 

What  is  bolder  -than  rafhnefs  ? 

Thofe  things  which  I  have  faid  arc  clearer  than  the  fun 
.  itfelf. 

What  is  there  more  deferable  than  wifdom  ? 

Kothing  is  more  commendable,  nothing  more  worthy  of 
a  great  and  illuftrious  man,  than  mildnefs  and  cle- 
mency. 


T-HE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  99 

RULE  LVIII. 

1  iiftproba  caufa  noiler,  fed  con/ilium. 
Caveo  fum  ne  poena  fum  magnus  quam  culpa. 

Habeo  fides  is  qui  plus  iutelligo  quam  ego  arbitrorV 

dmiio  ex  animus  et  corpus. 

Jubeo  homo  comprehendo  que  deduco  ad  Scaurus. 

Omnis  judico  ille  potius  Temper  amicus    omnis,   quam 

inirnicus  quifquam. 
Tile  clamor  nihil  commoveo,  ego  {cd  confolor,  cum  indi- 

co  quidam  civis  imperitus  fum  fed  noil  multus. 

RULE  LIX. 

Et  ego  et  Balbus  tollo  manus. 

Fortitudo  et  fapicntia  vix  videcr  poffum  fejungo. 

Confbetudo  et  ratio  facio  tu  patiens  lenifque. 

Pompom  us  el  Sex  tins  et  Pifo  achuc  retineo  ego  The  (fa- 

lonica. 
Proavus  et  avus  fum  praetor.' 

RULE    LX. 

Quanquam  abfum  a  culpar,  tamen  non  careo  fufpicio. 

Omnis  jucundus,  quanquam  judico  fenfus  corpus,  tamett 
debeo  refero  ad  animus. 

Nifi  fum  moleflars,  repeto  qui  ccepi. 

RULE  LXI. 

Quis  unquam  fum  fciens  hie  homo  ? 
Quis  fum  fortis  temeritas  ? 
Is  qui  dico  fum  clarus  fol  ipfe. 

Quis  fum  optabilis  fapientia  ? 

Nihil  laudabilis,  nihil  magnus  et  proclarus  vir  dignu% 
placabilitas  atque  dementia. 


,oo  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

A  fhamefut  flight  from  death  is  worfe  than  any  death. 

What  is  more  difgraceful  than  inconftancy,  levity,  and 
ficklenefs  ? 

Nothing  is  more  pleafing  than  true  glory. 

Nothing  is  more  friendly  to  me  than  felitude. 

My  country  is  much  dearer  to  me  than  my  life. 

No  place  ought  to  be  mere  pleafing  to  you  than  your 
country. 

What  is  better  in  rrian  than  a  fagacious  and  good  mind  ? 

What  can  we  call  more  wretched  than  folly  ? 

What  is  more  pleafing.- -than  literary  eafe  ? 

Nothing  is  more  inconftant  than  the  common  people, 
nothing  more  uncertain  than  the  refolutions  of  man- 
kind. 

Believe  me,  nothing  is  more  handfome,  nothing  more 
beautiful,  nothing  more  lovely,  than  virtue. 

There  is  nothing  more  pleafing  to  man  than  the  light  of 
truth. 

What  is  better  or  more  excellent  than  goodnefs  and  be- 
neficence ? 

I  never  touched  a  colder  ftream  than  this. 

RULE  LXII. 

Wild  beafts  are  in  dread,  if  the  fear  of  death  is  impreft 

upon  them. 
lie  allowed  me  this  in  tKe  hearing  of  many. 
He  lived  whilft  my  family  was  upon  the  throne. 
Take  care  that  you  are  at   Rome  in  the   beginning  of 

January. 
You  fent  me  word  of  Caniiuus's  fhip  wreck,  as  if  it  was 

a  matter  of  doubt. 
There  will  be  no  mention  made  of  this  crime,  if  you  are 

his  accufer.  % 

He  left  R.ome  whilft  we  were  living. 
He  came  to  Rome  when  Marius  was  conful,  and  Catu- 

lus. 
I  recollecl  the  defpair  of  thofe  who  were  old  men  when 

I  was  a  youth. 
As  foon  as  I  had  written  my  letter,  Hermia  came. 
When  nature  is  our  guide,  we  can  by  no  means  miftake* 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  101 

Turpis  fuga  mors  fum  malus  <:mnis  mors. 
Quis-  fum  turpis  inconftantia,  levitas,  mobilitas  ? 

Nihil  fum.  duleis  verus  gloria.  , 
Nihil  fum  amicus  ego  folitudo. 
Patria  fum  multo  carr.s  ego  vita  meus. 
Nullus  locus  debet  fum  duleis  tu  patria. 

Quis  fum  bonus  in  homo  fagax  et  bonus  mens  ? 
Quis  poflum  dico  mifer  ftultitia  ? 
Quis  fum  duleis  otium  literatus  ? 

Nihil  fum  incertus  vulgus,  nihil  obfeurus  voluntas  ho- 
mo. 

Credo  ego,  nihil  formofus,  nihil  pulcher,  nihil  amabilis, 

virtus. 
Nihil  fum  homo  duleis  lax  Veritas. 

Quis  fum  bonus,  aut  quis  preftans  bonitas  et  beneficen- 

tia  ? 
Nee  attingo  ullus  flumen  frigidus  hie. 

RULE  LXIL 
Fera  horrefco,  terror  mors  injedus  fur. 

Tribuo  hie  ego  multus  audio. 

Sum  meus  gentilis  regno. 

Cura  ut  fum  Rcma  Januarius  ineo. 

Tu  mitto  ego  de  naufragium  Caninius,  quail  res  dubt- 
us.  —- 

Nullus  mentio  fio  hie  crimen,  tu  accufo. 

Proficifcor  Roma  ego  vivo. 

Venio  Roma  Marius  conful,  et  Catulus. 

Recordor  defperatio  is  qui  fum  fenis  ego  adolefcens. 

Scribo  epiftola,  Kermia  venit. 

Natura  dux,  poifum  nullus  modus  erro. 


K2 


102  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 


PROMISCUOUS    EXERCISES. 

IF  You  and  Tullia,  our  delight,  are  well,  I  and  my 
deareil  Cicero  are  well.  ; 

"When  my  brother  came  to  me,  in  the  flrft  place  our  dif- 
courfe,  and  that  a  long  one,  was  about  you,  from 
whence  I  came  to  thofe  particulars  which  you  ajid  I 
had  talked  over  with  each  other  concerning  your  lif- 
ter, y 

Call  off  your  attention  and  thoughts  from  thefe  fubjecls, . 
fend  recollect  rather  thofe  things  which  are  worthy  of 
'%our  character  ;  that  fhe  lived  as  long  as  was  neceffa- 
ry  for  her  ;  fhe  lived  to  .fee  you,  her.  father,  praetor, 
conful,  augur;  to  perform  every  duty  that  was  in- 
cumbent on  her  ;  and  then,  when  the  government  was 
no  more,  fhe  quitted  this  life.  What  is  there  that 
you  or  fhe  can  complain  of  fortune  on  this  account  ? 

It  is  evident,  that  unlefs  equity,  and  fidelity,  and  juftice, 
proceed  from  nature,  it  is  impoffible  to  find  a  good, 
man. 

Order,  cenftancy  and  moderation  are  employed  in  things 
of  that  nature,  which  have  a  reference  to  fome  action. 

Pompey  and  Hortenfius  nominated  me  augur,  at  the  re* 
queh1  of  the  whole  college. 

Upon  this,  when  both  <5f  them  expre ft  their  being  ready 
to  hear  me  ;  in  the  firft  place  fays  I,  I  entreat  you, 
that  you  would  not  expect*  that,  like  a  philofopher,  I 
ihouki  explain  any  fyftem  to  you. 

To  employ  your  reafon  and -your  words  prudently,  to 
perform  what  you  undertake  with  deliberation,  and  in 
every  circumftance  to  difcern  what  is  true,  and  to  de- 
fend it,  is  graceful ;  on  the  other  hand,  to  be  deceiv- 
ed, to  blunder,  to  be  cheated,  is  difgraceful. 

To  think  this,  is  a  mark  of  prudence ;  to  do  it,  of  cou- 
rage ;  both  to  think  and  to  do  it,  of  perfect  and  com- 
plete virtue. 

To  deprive  any  one  of  what  is  his  due,  and  for  a  man 
to  increafe  his  own  property  at  the  expenfe  of  his 
neighbour,  is  more  contradictory  to  human  nature 
than  death,  than  poverty,  than  pain,  or  any  thmg  elfq 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  ic$ 


PROMISCUOUS    EXERCISES. 

SI    Tu  et  Tullia    lux  nofler  valeo,    ego    et    fuavis 
Cicero  valeo.  <x^, 
Cum  ad  ego  frater  venio,  in  primus  ego  fermo,  ifque 
multus,  de  tu,  fum  ex  qui  ego  venio  ad  is,  qui  fum 
egp  et  tu  inter  ego  de  foror  locutus. 


Tu  ab  hinc  res  animus  ac  cogitatio  tuus  aveco,  atque  is 
potius  reminifcor  qui  dignus  tuus  pprfona  fum  quam 
diu  is  opus,  fum  vivo  una  cum  res-publica,  fum  tu 
pater,  fuus  pnetor,  conful,  augur  video  ;  omnis  bo- 
nus prope  perfunctus  cum  res-publica'  occido  vita  ex- 
cedo  Quis  fum  qui  tu  aut  ille  cum  fortuna  hie  ho* 
men  queror  poffum. 

Perfpicuus  fum  nifi  asquitas  et  fides  et  jufHtia  proficifcor, , 
a  natura  vir  bonus  noil  pofTum  reperio. 

Ordo,  conftantia  et  moderatio  veror  in  is  genus  ad  qui 

adhibendus  fum  actio  quidam. 
Ego    augur   a   totus   collegium  expetitus  Pompeius  et 

Hortenfius  nomino. 
Hie  cum  uterque  fui  ad  audio  iignifico  paratus  primum 

inquam  depreccr  ne  ego  tanquam  philofophus    puto 

fchola  tu  aliquis  explico. 

Ratio  utor  atque  oratio  prudenter,  et  ago  qui  ago  coir* 
fi derate,  omnis  que  in  res  quis  fum  verum  video  et 
tueor  deceo,  contraque  fallor,  erro,  decipior,  dedecec* 


Hie  fentio  prudentia  fum,  facio,  fortitudo,  et  fentio  ve- 
ro  et  facio  perfeclus  cumiilatus  que  virtus. 

Detraho  aliquis  alter,  et  homo  incommodum  fuu.s 
augeo  commodum,  magis  fum  contra  natura,  quam 
mors,  quam  paupertas,  quam  dolor,  quam  ceter  qui 
poffum  aut  corpus  accido,  aut  res  exterjmsj   nam* 


J04  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

which  can  happen  to  our  perfons,  or  external  goods ; 
for,  in  the  firft  place,  it  takes  away  all  connexion  and 
fociety  between  mankind ;  for  if  we  were  originally  fo 
conftituted,  as  to  plunder  and  injure  each  other,  for 
our  own  emolument,  that  bond  of  unity  between  man 
and  man,  which  is  the  principal  work  of  nature,  muft 
nece/farily  be  broke  in  funder  ;  juft  .as.  if  any  one  of 
our  limbs  fhould  entertain  this  notion,',  to  think  that  it 
could,  paffibly  continue  in  health,  if  it  appropriated  to 
itfelf  the  nutriment  of  any  other  part,  although  it  is 
evident  that  from  hence  the  whole  body  mull  be  weak-, 
ened  and  deftroyed  ;  thus  if  any  one  fhould  feize  upon< 
what  is  the  fupport  of  another,  and  convert  whatever 
he  could  to  his  own  private  emolument,  the  fociety 
and  community  of  mankind  muft,  of  courfe,  be  over- 
turned;  for  as  every  one  is  more  defirous  to  procure 
for  himfelf,  than  any  other,  thofe  things  which  are 
nece/Tary  for  the  fupport  of  life,  this  is  what  is  allow- 
ed by  nature  itfelf ;  but  nature  alfo  will  not  permit 
this?  that  we  fhould  increafe  our  power,  our  influence 
or  fortune  by  plundering  others  ;  nor  is  this  only 
eftablifhed  by  nature,  that  is  by  the  general  law  of 
mankind,  but  alfo  by  the  po£tive..inititu+'^n  of  all 
people,  by  which,  in  every  ft  axe*  their  ^  rnients 
are  fupported  ;  for  this  is  what  their  law.  .iave  in 
view,  this  they  intend,  that  the  bond  of  fociety  may 
be  preferved  between  the  citizens,  and  whofoever 
breaks  it,  they  punilh  with  death,  banifhment,  impri- 
fonment,  or  fine. , 

Sometimes  todepart  a  little  from  one's  own  right,  is 
net  only  generous,  but  advantageous. 

It  is  enough  not  to  raife  up. thofe  men  who  are  fallen 
through  imprudence  ;  but  to  prefs  thofe  who  lie  down, 
or  to  pufh  on  thofe  who  are  falling,  is  certainly  inhu-. 
man. 

To  defpife.  what,  any  one  may  think  of  him,,  is  a  mark 
not  only  of  an  arrogant  man,  but  alfo  of  one  totally 
abandoned. 

To  know  but  little  is  not  fhameful ;  but  foolifhly  to  per-, 
fevere  a  long  time  in  what  you  know  but  little  of,  is  ; 
fmce  the  one  may  be  attributed  to  the  general  infir- 
mity of  human  nature,  the  other  to  the  peculiar  fault 
of  the  individual.     /~~^— 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  105 

principium,  tollo  convictus  humanus  et  focietas,  fi 
enim  lie  fum  affeclus,  ut  propter  fuus  quifque  emolu- 
mentum  fpolio  aut  violo  alter,  diirumpo  neceffe,  fum 
is  qui  maxime  fum  fecundum  natura  humanus  genus 
focietas,  ut  ii  unufquifque  membrum  fenfus  hie  habeo 
ut  pofTum  puto  fui  valeo,  fi  proximus  membrum  valc- 
tudo  ad  fui  traduco  debilitor  et  interio  lotus  corpus 
neceffe,  fum  fie  fi  unufquifque  ego  rapio  ad  fui,  com- 
modum  alius  detraho  qui  quifque  pcfium  emolumcn- 
tum  fui  gratia  focietas  homo  et  communitas  evertor 
neceffe,  fum  nam  fui  ut  quifque  malo  qui  ad  urns  vita 
pertineo  quam  alter,  quam  alter  acquiro  concefTus 
fum,  non  repugnans  natura  ille  quidem  natura,  non 
patior  ut  alius fpolium  nolier  facultas  copia  opis  au- 
geo,  neque  vero  hie  folum  natura  is  fum  jus  gens,  fed 
et  lex  populus  qui  in  fmgulus  civitas,  res-publica  con- 
tineor  idem  modus  conflituor,  ut  non  licet  fuus  com- 
modum  caufa  noceo  alter,  hie  enim  fpeclo  lex  hie  vo- 
lo  incolumis  fum  civis  conjunctio  qui  dirimo-is  mors 
exfulium  vinculum  damnum  coerce 0. 


Non  modo  liberalis  fum,  pa-ale  ncmrunquam  de  fuus  jus* 

decedo,  fed  etiam  fructuofus. 
Satis  fum  homo  imprudentia  lapfus  non  erigo  ;    urgeo 

vero  jacens,  aut  praecipitans  impello,  certe  fum  inhu- 

manus. 

Negligo  quis  de  fui  quifque  fentio,  non  folum  arrogans 
fum,  fed  etiam  omnino  diifolutus. 

Non  parum  cognofco  ;  fed  in  parum  cognofco  fluke  et 
diu  perfevero,  turpis  fum  ;  propterea  quod  alter  com- 
munis homo  innrmitas,  alter  fingularis  unufquifque 
vitium,  attribuo.- 


fo6  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO' 

- 

Part  of  you  particularly  avoided  the  approach  to,'  and 
the  fight  of,  this  place,  part  of  you  did  not  earned! y 
attend  it. 

I  am  very  glad  that  you  are  got  fd£c  to  Epirus,  and  that, 
as  you  write,  you  have  had  a  pleafant  voyage. 

It  is  in  my  opinion  highly  decorous,  that  the  houfes  of 
illuflrious  men  mould  be  open  to  illurlrious  guefts. 

It  is  evident  that  the  benefits  and  advantages  which  are 
received  from  thofe^hings  which  are  inanimate,  thefe 
v/e  could  by  no  means  enjoy  without  the  labour -and 
-  a  ffi  ft  a  n  c  e  of  m  an  kind. 

See  how  I  am  convinced  that  you  are  another  felf. 

1  think  thus,  that  an  accomplished  general  ihculd  pof- 
fefs  thefe  four  qualifications  ;  a  knowledge  of  war, 
courage,  authority,  good  fortune. 

I  not  only  confeis  that  you  know  thefe  things  better 
than  I,  but  alio  eaiily  permit  it. 

Many  perfons  entertain  depraved  notions  of  the  Deity, 
but  ail  believe  that  there  is  a  divine  power  and  na- 
ture.. 

He  added  this  alfo,  which  is  certainly  true,  that  brave 
and  wife  men  do  not  ufually  fo  much  aim  at  the  re- 
ward of  good  actions, -as  the  actions  themfelves. 

I  add  this  alfo,  that  nature  without  education  has  often- 
er  attained  to  glory  and  virtue,  than  education  with- 
out nature. 

I  was  doubly  pleafed  with  your  letters,  both  becaufe  I 
my  felf  laughed,  and  becaufe  I  perceived  that  you  can 
now  laugh» 

Do  you  fay  that  you  think  I  had  rather  have  my  works 
read  and  approved  of  by  any  one,  than  by  you  ? 

He  {qqs  that  there  is  no  evil  but  where  there  is  a  fault, 
but  that -there  is  no  fault -when  that  happens,  which  is 
not  in  the  power  of  man, 

But  I  find  the  man  never  made  an  auction,  never  fold 
any  thing  but  the  produce,  of  his  eitate  ;  not  only  is  ii 
no  one's  debt,  but  is,  and  always  has  been,  full  in  cam 
of  his  own. 

I  return  to  what  I  wrote  in  the  nrfc  part  of  my  letter, 
that  men  will  foon  form  a  judgment  of  your  whole 
conduct,  not  fo  much  from  your  intention,  as  the 
event. 


T'llE  MAKING  OF  LATIK.         iof 

ftdBtttS  hie  locus,  confpecTas  que,  vcfter  partim  magno 
perc  fugio,  partim  non  vehcment€r  feqnor. 

Tu  in  Eplrus  falvus  venio,  et  ut  fcribo,  ex  fententia  na- 

vigo>  vehementer  gaudeb. 
Sum  enim  ut  ego  videor  valde  decprus,  patco  d<nvns 

homo  illuftris,  illuftris  hofpes. 
Ferfpicuus  fum  -qui  f rutins  qui  utilitas  ex  res  is  qui  fum 

manknatus,  percipior  is-ego  mdlus  modus  fine  homo 

manus  atque  opera  capio  pomim. 

Video  quam  ego  pcrfuadco  tu  ego  fum  alter* 
Ego  fie  exifiimo,  in  fummus,  imperator.q.uatuor  hie  res 
.  infum    -oportet,  -ilientia  res.  militaris,  .virtus,  ajUjthqji- 

tas,  felicitas. 
F.go  cnim  fcio  tu  ifce  melius  quam  ego  non  fate or  fo- 

lum,  fed  etiam  facile  patior. 
Multus  de  Dii  pravus  fentio,  o ran  is   tamen  fum.  vis  et 

natura  jdivinus,  arbkrpr. 

Ad  do  hie,  qui  cer.te.  verus  fum,  fcrtis  et  fapiens  vir  non 
tarn  praemium  fequor  foleo  recte  factum,  quam  ipie 
rectus  faclum.  v 

lile  etiam  adjungo,  feplus  ad  laus  atque  virtus  natura 
fine  doclrina,  quam  line  natura  valeo  doclrina. 

Dupliciter  deleclo  tuns  literce,  et  quod  ipfc  rideo,  et 
quod  tui intelligo  jkm  poflum  rideo* 

Aio  nc  tu  exifiimo  ab -ullus  malo  mens  lego  pr-cboque, 

quam  xt  tu  ? 
Video  nullus  malum  fum  iiifi  culpa,  culpa  autem  nullus 

fum  cum  is,  qui  ab  homo  noil  poilum  prsefto  evenio. 

At  homo  invenio  auclio  facio,  nullus  vendo  prater  fruc- 
tus  fuus  nihil  unquam  ;  non  modo  in  pes  alienus  nul- 
lus, fed  in  fuus  nummus  gnultus  fum. 

.Redeo  ad  ilie  qui  initium  fcribo,  totus  factum  tuus  ju- 
.  Jicium,  non  Ham  ex  conlilium  tuus,  quam  ex  even- 
tu^  homo  facio. 


io8  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

TlnVl  rather  fear,  left,  through  ignorance  of  the  true 
path  of  glory,  you  mould  think  it  glorious  for  your- 
f  elf  alone  to  have  more  power  than  all  others,  and 
had  rather  be  feared  than  loved  by  your  fellow-citi- 
zens. 

Had  not  you  rather  believe  what  can  be  proved,  that 
the  fouls  ef  famous  men,  fuch-as  the  Tyndaridae  were, 
are  divine  and  eternal,  than  that  thofe  who  have  been 
once  burnt  can  ride  upon  an  horfe,  or  fight  in  an  ar- 
my ? 

I  could  fwear  by  Jupiter  and  the  houfehold  Gods,  both 
that  I  burn  with  a  defire  of  finding  out  the  truth,  and 
that  I  think  what  I  fay  ;  for  how  can  I  not  defire  to 
find  out  the  truth,  when  I  rejoice  if  I  find  any  thing 
like  the  truth  ? 

As  we  believe  by  nature  that  there,  are  Gods,  but  know 
by  reafoning  what  they  are  ;  fo  we  conclude  that  our 
fouls  remain  (after  death)  by  the  general  confent  of 
all  nations  ;  but  in  what  Rate,  or  what  they  are,  we 
learn  from  reflection. 

Nor  do  I  agree  with  thofe  who  have  lately  begun  to  af- 
fert,  that  our  fouls  perifh  together  with  our  bodies, 
,  .and  that  death  annihilates  every  tiling  ;  I  am  rather 
influenced  by  the  authority  of  Socrates,  who  always 
faid,  that  the  foul  of  man  was  divine,  and  that  when 
it  left  the  body,  it  returned  back. to  heaven. 

If  you  fhould  know  that  an  alp  lay  concerned  any  where, 
and  one  who  did  not  know  it  fhould  intend  to  fit  up- 
on it,  whole  idea^mtewetuld  be  an  advantage  to  you, 
*♦  you  would  do  wickedly  if  you  did  not  caution  him 
not  to  fit.  there  ;  an'd  yet^is ,  evident  that  you  could 
have  acted  £o  with  impunity,  for  who  could  have  con- 
victed you  of  it  ? 

I  will  not  repeat  all  the  mifery  I  have  fuffered  through 
the  wickednefs,  net  only  of  my  enemies,  but  of  thofe 
who  envied  me,  left  I  mould  not  only  increafe  my 
own  forrow,  but  alio  excite  your  grief. 

Happy  is  the  man,  whofe  lot  it  is  to  be  able  to  acquire 
wifdom  and  true  knowledge,  even  in  his  old  age. 

I  beg  and  entreat  of.you,  judges,  to  give  that  mercy  tc 
a  very  brave  man,  for  which  he  afks  not  hixnfelf. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  109 

Iile  magis  vereor  ne  ignoro  vrras  iter  gloria  glorio- 
fus  puto  plus  tu  unus  poffum  quam  omnis,  et  mctuo 
a  civis  tuiis  quam  diligo  malo. 

Nonne  malo  ille  credo  qui  probo  poflum,  animus  pr#. 

clarus  homo  qualis"  ifte  Tyntaridae  fum  diurnus  fum 
•   ct  aeternus  quam  is  qui  iemel    cremo  equito    et    in 

acies  pugno  poflum. 

Juro  per  Jupiter  Dii  que  penates,  ego  et  ardeo  ftudium 
verum  reperiendus,  et  is  lentio  qui  dico ;  qui  enim 
poffum  non  cupio  verum,  invenio  cum  gaudeo  fi  fimi- 
lis  verum  quis  invenio  ? 

Ut  Deus  fum  natura  opinor,  qualifque  fum  ratione  cog* 
.  nofco  ;    lie  permaneo  animus  arbitror  confenms  natio 

omnis  ;   quis   in  {^d^s   maneo,  qualifque  fum,   ratio 

difcendus  fum, 

Neque  enim  affentior  is  qui  hie  nuper  differo  coepi,  cum 
corpus  fimul  animus  intereo,  atque  cmnis  mors  deleo  ; 
plus  apud  ego  Socrates  aucloritas  valeo,  qui  dico 
femper,  animus  homo  fum  divinus,  ifque  cum  corpus 
excedo,  reditus  in  ccelum  pateo. 

Si  fcio  afpis  occulte  lateo,  et  volo  imprudens  fuper  is  affi- 
deo,  qui  mors  tu  emolumentum,  futurus  fum 
improbe  facio  nifi  moneo  ne  affideo  ;   fed  impune  Ta-" 
men  is  tu  conilo  facio,  quis  enim  coarguo  poifum  ? 


Non  facio  ut  enumero  mlferia  omnis  in  qui  incido  per 
fcelus,  non  tarn  inimicus  meus,  quam  invidus,  ne  et 
meus  mceror  exagito,  et  tu  in  idem  iuctus  voco» 

Beatus  ille,  qui,  eti.im  in  fenechis,  contingo  ut  fapientia 

verus  que  opinio  affequor  poifum. 
Oro  obteitorque  tu,  judex,  uc  is  mifericordia  tribuo  for- 

tis  vir,  qui  ipfe  non  impioro. 
L 


( 

tto  AN  INTRODUCTION  T© 

As  philofophy  alone  teaches  us  all  other  things,  fo  alie 
that  which  is  moil:  difficult,  to  know  ourfelves. 

What  ignominy,  what  difgrace,  will  not  any  one  under- 
go to  avoid  pain,  who  has  concluded  that  that  h  the 
greateft  evil  1 

you  ordered  that  phyfician,  whom  you  brought  wish 
you,  to  open  the  veins  of  the  man. 

Your  friend  Caninius  advifed  me,  in  your  own  words, 
to  write  to  you,  if  there  was  any  thing  which  1 
thought  you  ought  to  know. 

A  wonderful  fury  .has  feized,  not  only  the  wicked,  but 
even  thofe  who  are  efteemed  good,  that  the*y  defire  to 
fight,  whilft  I  am  calling  out,  that  nothing  is  more 
dreadful  than  a  civil  war. 

Who  of  us  engages  in  any  laborious  bodily  exercife,  but 
to  obtain  fome  advantage  from  it  ? -..or-,  who  can  right- 
ly cenfure  even  him  who  defires  to  enjoy  that  plea- 
fure  which  will  be  attended  with  no  bad  confequence  ? 

I  have  read  your  letter,  by  which  I  learn,  that  our 
friend  Csefar  confiders  ycu  as  a  great  lawyer.  You 
have  reafon  to  be  glad,  that  ycu  are  got  into  a  place 
where  you  may  appear  to  underftand  fomething. 

It  feems  wcnderful  that  a  foothfayer  does  not  laugh 
when  he  {*es  a  foothfayer  ;  this  is  more  wonderrul, 
ilian  you  can  keep  from  laughing  one  among  ano- 
ther. 

Fortune  is  riot  only  blind  herfelf,  but  fhe  alfo  aenerally 
makes  thofe  blind  whom  fhe  favours  ;  ancPfcpuleed,  we 
..  may  often  fee  thofe  who  were  before  of  obliging  tem- 
pers, altered  by  place,  power,  and  profperity. 

When  we  admit  thefe  things  to  be  true,  and  rightly  as 
I  judge,  how  can  we  be  allowed  to  ieparate  law  agid 
right  from  nature. 

I  may  be  allowed  to  praife-w^felf  before  you,  fon  Mar- 
cus, to  whom  the  inheritance  of  my  glory,  and  the 
imitation  of  my.  conduct,  devolve  s. 

It  was  eVident  that  Pompey  took  this  very  ill,  which 
when  I  heard  fro*n  others,  I  principally  knew  from 
my  brother. 

Do  you  wifh  then  that  I  fhould  go  through  all  the  phi- 
lofophy  of  Epicurus,  or  .that  I  fhouli  confine  my  in- 


THE  MAKING'  OF  LATIN.  tit 

?hilofophia  unus  ego  cum  caeter  res  omnis,  mm  qui  fum 

difficilis  doceo  ut  egomet  ipfe  nofco. 
Quis  ignominia  quis  turpitudo  non  perfero  ut  effagio' 

dolor,  h*  isfummus  malus  fum  decerno  I 

Is  medicus  qui  tu  cunl  adduco  impero  ut  vena  homo 

iucido.    *' 
Caninius  nofter  ego  tuus  verbum  admoneo  ut  fcribo  ad 

tu  ii  quis  fum  qui  puto  tu  fcio  oportet. 

Mirus  invado  furor  non  folum  improbus  fed  etiam  is 
qui  bonus  habeo  ut  pugno  cupio  ego  clamans  nihil 
fum  bellum  civil  is  rilifer. 

Quis  ndfter  exercitatio  ullus  corpus  fufcipio  laboriofus 
nil!  ut  aliquis  ex  is  commodum  confequor,  quis  au- 
tem  vel  is  jus  reprehendo  qui  in  is  voluptas  volo  fum 
qui  nihil  moleftia  confequor. 

Lego  tuus  literae  ex  qui  intelligo  tu  Caefar  nofter  valde 
jus  confultus  videor.  Sum  quod  gaudeo  tu  in  ifte 
locus  venio  ubi  aliquis  fapio  videor. 

Mirabilis  videor  quod  non  rideo  harufpex  cum  harafpex 
video  ;  hie  mirabili3  quod  tu  inter  tu  rifus  teneo 
poffum. 

Non  enim  folum  ipfe  Fortuna  ccecus  firm  fed  ille  etiam 
plerumque  efncio  ccecus  qui  complector  itaque  hie 
quoque  video  licet  is  qui  antea  commodus  fum  mos 
imperium  poteftas  profperus  res  imisuto. 

Qui  cum  verus  fum  recle,  ut  arbitror  f&Scedo  qui  jam 
licet  ego,  a  natura  lex  et  jus  fejungJBg 

Licet  Marcus  filius  apud  tu  glorior,  w  qui  et  hereditas 
hie  gloria  et  factum  imitatio  pertinql 

Sane  molefte  Pompeius  fero  confto,  qui  ego  cum  audio 
ex  alius  maxijme  ex  meus  frater  cognofco. 

Utrum  igitur  percurro  omnis  Epicurus  difciplina  placet^ 

t   & 


ii2  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

quiry  to  pleafure  alone,  concerning  which  all  the  dif- 
pute  is  ? 

What  character  we  choofe  to  fuftain,  depends  upon  our 
own  choice.  Thus  fome  apply  to  philofophy,  others  to 
the  civil  law,  others  to  eloquence,  each  perfon  felecting 
fome  particular  virtue,  in  which  he  choofes  to  excel. 

All  the  polite  arts  have  a  certain  common  bond,  and  are 
connected  together,  as  it  were,  by  a  certain  affinity  be- 
tween them. 

If  I  miitake  in  this,  becaufe  I  believe  that  the  foul  of 
man.  is  immortal,  I  willingly  miftake  ;  nor  do  I  defire 
to  have  this  miftake  torn  frorn  me  whilft  I  live. 

Therefore  on  account  of  this  my  doubt,  this  very  letter 
is  the  ihorter,  becaufe,  while  I  am  uncertain  where 
you  are,  I  am  unwilling  that  our  private  correfpon- 
dence  ihould  fall  into  ltrange  hands. 

In  an  active  and  military  life,  even  a  little  philofophy  is 
often  very  lerviceable,  and  produces  advantages,  if  not 
fo  great  as  could  be  received  from  a  general  know- 
ledge of  philofophy,  yet  fuch  as  may  femetimes,  in 
fome  degree,  relieve  us  from  paflion,  ileknefs,  or  fear. 

If  you  have  received  the  greateil  injury  from  him,  yet, 
as  you  have  been  his  queitor,  you  cannot  profecute 
him  without  fome  cenfure'  ;  but  if  no  injury  has  been 
done  to  you,  you  cannot  proiecute  him  ^without  a 
crime. 

Many  are  the  fecret  wounds  of  the  Rate,  many  the  per- 
nicious machinations  of  abandoned  citizens.  There 
is  no  foreign  danger,  no  king,  no  people,  no  nation  to 
be  feared  ;  the  malady  is  fecret,  inteiiine,  domeitic. 

The  feeds  of  virtue  wire  implanted  in  our  minds,  and 
were  thefe  permitted  to  grow  to  maturity,  nature  her- 
felf  would  conduct  us  to  a  happy  life  ;  but  now  as 
foon  as  we  are  brought  into  the  light,  and  taken  care 
of,  we  are  immediately  engaged  in  every  depravity, 
and  every  perverfity  of  ^opinion,  fo  that  we  feem  to 
fuck  in  error,  almoit  with  our  nurfe's  milk. 

The  fenate  and  all  the  people  have  been  delighted  with 
your  agreement. 

Neither  the  parent,  nor  the  nurfe,  nor  the  mafler,  nor 
the  poet,  nor  the  ftage,  depraves  our  outward  fenfes, 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  113 

an  de  voluptas  unus  qucero  de  qui  omnis  certamcn 

fum  ? 
Ipfe    autem    qui  perfona  gero  volo  a  nofter  voluntas, 

proficifcor   atque  fui  alius  ad  philofophia,    alius  ad 

jus  civilis,    alius  ad   eloquentiam    applico    ipfe,    que 

virtus  in  alius,  alius  malo  cxeello. 
Omnis  ars  qui  ad  humanitas  pe.tineo,    habeo  quidam 

communis  vinculum,-  at  quaii  cognitio  quidam  inter 

fui  contineo. 
Quod  fi  in  hoc  erro  quod  animus  homo  immortalis  fum 

credo  libenter  erro  nee  eg©  hie  error  dum  vivo  extor- 

queo  volo. 
Itaque  propter  hie  dubitatio  mens  brevis  hrc  ipfe  epiftola 

fum  quod  cum  incertus  fum  ubi  fum  nolo  ille  nofter 

familiaris  fermo  in  alienus  mantis  devenio* 

In  vita  occupatus  atque  militaris  paucus  ipfe  in  philofo- 
phia multum  fsepe  profum  et  fero  fructus,  fi  non  tan* 
tus  quantus  ex  univerfus  philofophia  percipio  porTum 
tamen  is  qui  aliquis  ex.  pars  Jnterdum  aut  cupiditas 
aut  jegritudo  aut  metus  liberoT* 

Si  fummus  injuria  ab  ille  accipio  tamen  quoniam  qusef- 
tor  is  fum  non  poflum  is  fine  .ullus  vituperatio  accufo 
fi  vero  nullus  tu.fio  injuria  fine  fcelus  is  accufo  non 
pofTum. 

Multus  ftuii  oceultus  re?-publica  vulnus  mult  us  nefarius 
cires  perniciofus  concilium  nul!us  externus  periculum 
fum  non  rex. non  gens  ullus  non  natio  pertimefcendus 
fum  include  malum  inteftinus  ac  domefticus  fum. 

Sum  enim  ingenium  nofter  femen  innatus  virtus  qui  fi 
adolefco  licet  ipfe  ego  ad  beatus  vita  natura  perduco 
nunc  autem  flmul  edo  in  lux,  et  fufpicid  in  omnis 
continuo  pravitas  verfor  ut  pcene  cum  lac  nutrix  er- 
ror iugo  videor. 


Senatus  et  cunctus  civitas  deleclo  vefter  concordia» 

Senilis  nofter,  non  parens,  non  nutrix,    non    magifter, 
non  poeta,  non  fcena  -depravo,  non  multitudo  confen- 
L  z 

i 


J 


ii4  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

nor  does  the  confpiracy  of  numbers  feduce  tliofe  from 
their  truft  ;  but  every  fnare   is   fpread   for  our  fouls,, 
either  by  thofe  whom   1  hav^jufl  mentioned,  or  by 
what  continues  deeply  interwoven  in  eyery^nfe,  plea/7 
fure.  ^^^^£^^,^^^  '^^  *G~-  -T^&tj^ 

What'ought  v£eto  downen  incited  by  the  kindnefs  of 
others  to  make  an  acknowledgement  ?  ihould  we  not 
imitate  fruitful  lands,  which  return  much  more  than 
they  have  received  ?  for  if  we  hefitate  not  to  confer 
favours  upon  tbofe  whom  we  hope  will  be  ferviceable 
to  us,  how  ought  we  to  behave  to  thofe  who  have 
been  already  fo  ? 

That  God,  who  rules  within  us,  forbids  us  to  depart 
hence  without  his  permifiion. 

The  mind,  exalting  itfelf,  always  fo  looks  forward  into, 
futurity,  as  if  it  was  then  finally  about  to  live,  wThen 
it  had  departed  from  this  life. 

Nor  do  I  think  there  ever  was  any  fuch  monfter  upon. 
earth)  formed  of  fuch  contrary  paffions  and  natural 
inclinations,  fo  various,  fo  contradictory  to  each  other. 

In  the  fir  it  place,  it  is  natural  to  every  kind  of  animal 
to  defend  itfelf,  its  life  and  body  ;  and  to  avoid 
thofe  things  whieh  may  feem  hurtful,  and  to  feek 
•after,  and  procure,  all  things  which  are  neceflary 
to  life,  as  pafture,  ihelter,  and  the  like. 

What  difpofition  in  human  nature  is  better  than  theirs 
who  think  themfelves  born  to  pleafe,  to  protect    and 

,      preferve  mankind  ? 

They  give  good  advice,  who  forbid  us  to  do  any  thing 
of  which  we  doubt  whether  it  is  juft  or  unjuft  :  for 
juftice  makes  itfelf  evident ;  a  doubt  implies  fufpicion 
of  an  injury- 
Man»  who  is  partaker  of  reafon,  by  which  he  difcerns 
confequencei,  and  fees  the  principles  and  caufes  of 
things,  and  is  not  ignorant  of  their  progrefs  and  dif- 
tant  origin,  who  compares  things  fimilar,  and  joins 
and  connects  the  future  with  the  prefent ;  can  eaiily 
fee  through  the  whole  courfe  of  his  life,  and  prepare 
things  necelfary  for  going  through  it. 

There^is  a  letter  extant  of  old  Marcus  Cato  to  his  fon, 
in  which  he  writes,  that  he  heard  he  was  difmiffed  by 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  115 

fus  abduco  ille  a  verum;  animus  vero  omnis  tendo  in- 
fidia^vel  ab  is  qui  modo  numero  vcl  ab  is  qui  penitus 
in  Omnis  fenfus  implicatus  infideo  imitatrix  bonum 
voluptas  malum  autcm  mater  omnis. 

Quis  nam  beneficium  provocatus  facio  debeo,  an  non 
imitor  ager  fertilis,  qui  multo  plus  affero  quam  acci- 
pio  ?  etenim  fi  in  is  qui  fpero  ego  profuturus  non  du- 
bito  officium  confero,  qualis  in  is  fum  debeo  qui  jam 
profum  ? 

Veto  dominor  ille  in  ego  Deus  injufius  hinc  ego  fuus 

demigro. 
Animus  erigo  rfhi  pofteritas  femper  ita  profpicio  quail 

cum  excedo  q  vita  turn  denique  victurus  fum. 

Neque  ego  unquam  fum  talis  monftrum  in  terra  ullus 
1    puto  tarn  ex  contrarius  diverfufque  inter  fui  pnenanjs 

natura  ftudium  cupiditafque  conflatus.  fai.  for*  Za  LC>  m^ 
Principium  genus  animans  omnis  fum  a  natura  tributus 

ut  fui  vita  corpus  que  tueor  declino  que  is  qui  noci- 

turus  videor,  omnis  que  qui  fum  ad  vivo  neceilarius 

inquiro    et  paro    ut  paflus  latibulum   et  alius   idem 

genus. 
Qui  fum  igitur  bonus  in  homo  genus  natura  quam  is 

qui  fui  nafcor  ad  homo  juvandus  tutandus  confervan- 

dus  arbitror  \ 
Bene  praecipio  qui  veto  quifquam  ago  qui  dubito  sequus 

fum  an  iniquus  aequitas  enim  luceo,  ipfe  per  fui  dubi- 

tatio  cogitatio  figniiico  injuria. 

Homo  qui  ratio  fum  pariiceps,  vper  qui  confequens  cer- 
no  principium  et  caufa  res  video  ifque  progreiTus  et 
anteceffio  non  ignoro  fimilitudo  comparo  reique  prae- 
fens  adjungo  atque  annecto  futurus  facile  totus  vita 
curfus  video  actis  que  dego  praeparo  res  neceilarius. 

Marcus  quidem  Cato  fenex  fum  epiftola  ad  filius,  in  qui 
fcribo  fui  audio  is  miflus  fio  a  confol  cum  in  Macedo- 


V 


ti6  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

his  conful,  when  he  was  a  foldicr  in  Macedonia  dur- 
ing the  Periian  war  ;  he  therefore  admonifhes  him  to 
take  care  that  he  did  not  enter  into  battle,  for  he  af- 
firmed that  it  was  not  lawful  for  one,  who  was  not  a 
foldier  to  engage  with  the  enemy. 

Refpect  your  ancellors,  and  fo  govern  %the  ftate  that 
your  fellow-citizens  may  rejoice  you  were  born  ;  with- 
out which  no  one  can  be  happy,  no  one  can  be  illuf- 
trious. . 

I  received  your  very  fhort  letter,  in  which  I  could  not 
learn  what  I  wifhed  to  know,  but  could  perceive  what 
I  had  no  doubt  of ;  for  I  could  not  find  how  you  bear 
our  common  misfortunes,  but  could  eafily  difcern  how 
much  you  love  me.  Had  I  known  the  one  as  well  as 
I  knew  the  other,  I  would  have  adapted  my  letter  to 
it ;  but  however,  though  in  my  former  letter  I  wrote 
what  I  thought  neceflary,  yet  I  judge  it  proper  to  let 
you  know  at  prefent,  in  few  words,  that  you  are  not 
to  fuppofe.yourfelf  in  any  particular  danger  ;  it  is  true 
we  are  all  in  great  danger,  *but  it  is  general ;  you 
therefore  ought  not  to  expect  any  particular  good 
luck,  or  refufe  what  we  mull  all  fubmit  to.  Let  us 
therefore  entertain  the  fame  affection  for  each  other 
We  always  did,  which  I  can  hope  for  from  you,  and 
engage  for  from  myfelf. 

Young  men  hope  that  they  mall  live  long,  which  old 
men  cannot  hope  for:,  but  their  hopes  are  foolifh  ; 
for  what  can  be  more  filly  than  to  regard  thofe  things 

.   as  certain  whi£li4f-e  uncertain  I 

Will  there  be  any  place  in  the  world  more  fit  ta  receive 
fuch  virtue,  than  that  which  gave  it  birth? 

This  provident,  fagacious,  various,  fubtle,  thoughtful, 
rational,  wile  animal,  which  we  call  man,  is  created 
by  the  fupreme  God  with  noble  privileges  ;  for  he 
alone,  of  fo» many  different  kinds  and  forts  of  animals, 
is  partafe^qfkreafon  and  knowledge,  when  all  others 
are  with-it -$j[iem  ;  for  what  is  there,  I  will  not  fay  in 
man,  but  in  *all  heaven  and  earth,  more"  divine  than 
reafon  ? 

Can  you  deny  that  that  very  day,  being  prevented  by 
my  guards  2nd  my  attention,  you  were  unable  to  effect 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  xi7 

ftia  beMum  Pcrficum  miles  fum  moneo  igitur,  ut 
cavco  ne  praelium  inco  nege-'enim  jus  fum  qui  miles 
non  fum  pugno  cum  hoftis. 


Majores  tuns  refpicio,  atque  ita  guberno  res-publica  ut 
nafcor  tu  civis  tuus  gaudeo  fine  qui  nee  bcatus  nee 
cLirus  fum-  quis-quam  poflum. 

Accipio  perbrevis  tuus  liters?,  qui  is  qui  feio  cupio 
^cognofco  non  peffum  cognefco  autem  qui  ego  dubius 
non  fum  nam  quam  fortiter  fero  communis  miltria, 
non  intelligo  quam  ego  amo  facile  perfpicio,  fed  hie 
feio  ille,  fi  fcio  adis  meus  liters  accommodo,  fed  ta- 
men  etfi  antea  fcribo  qui  exiftimo  fcribo  cportet 
tamen  tui  tempus  breviter  commonendus  puto  ne 
quis  periculum  tu  proprius  exjftimo  fum  in  magnus 
omnis,  fed  tamen  in  communis  fum  quaii  non  debeo 
aut  proprius  poftulo,  aut  communis  recufo  qua  prop- 
ter is  animus  Turn  inter  ego,  qui  femper  fum  qui  de 
tu  fpero  de  ego  praefto  poiium. 


Spero  adolefcens  diu  fui  viclurus  qui  fpero  fenex  non 
poifum  inflpienter  fpero  quis  enim  ftultus  quam  in- 
certus  pro  certus  habeo  ? 

Sum  dignus  locus  in  terra  ullus  quLbic  virtus  excrpio^ 
quam  qui  procreo  ?    g^,  /;jUv  *s''"  ^**^-    &&&>  ft  a^ri  . 

Animal  hie  providus  fagax  qui  multiplex  auclus  memor 
plenus  ratio  et  confilium,  qui  voco  homo,  prsclarus 
quidam  conditio  genero  a  fummus  Deus  folus,  fum 
enim  ex  tot  animans  genus  atque  natura  particeps 
ratio  et  cogitatio  cum  cseter  fum  omnis  expers,  quis 
fum  autem  non  dico  in  homo  fed  in  omnis  ccelum 
atque  terra  ratio  divinus  ? 

Num  incitior  pofTum  tu  ille  ipfe  dies  meus  proefidium, 
meus  diligentia,  sircurn  clufus  commoveo  tu  contra 


m8  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

-any  thing  againft  the  ftate,  at  which  time  you  declared^ 
that  you  would  be  content  with  the  abfence  of  others, 
but  with  the  maifacre  of  us  who  continued  at  Rome  ? 

Every  thing  has  beeivdone  by  my  fault,  who  thought  my- 
felf  loved  by  thofe  who  envied  me,  did  not  attend  to 
thofe  who  courted  me. 

The  Grecians  paid  divine  honours  to  thofe  men  who 
killed  tyrants. 

He  who  fears  what  cannot  be  avoided,  can  by  no  means 
live  with  a  quiet  mind. 

Men  pervert  thofe  things  which  are  the  fjrft  principles. 
of  nature,  when  they  feparate  the  ufeful  from  the 
honourable. 

Socrates,  when  he  was  afked,  why  he  had  fixed  no  pu- 

■  niihment  on  him  who  killed  his  parent,  replied,  that 
it  was,  he  fuppofed,  what  no  one  would  do. 

Before  I  proceed  to  thofe  things  which  have  been  treat- 
of  by  you,  I  will  fay  wh,at  I  think  of  you  yourfelf. 

It  may  happen  that  a  man  may  think  juftly,  and  can~ 
not  elegantly  exprefs  what  he  thinks. 

He  had  by  nature  a  peculiar  penetration,  which  he  im- 
proved alfo  by  practice. 

I  defire  you  will  fend  me  as  foon  as  poffible  what  you 
have  collected  for  my  academy. 

To  digrefs  from  your  fubject,  for  the.purpofe  of  excit* 
ing  the  paflions,  is. often  ufeful. 

I  fpeak  not  of  what  I,  but  what  an  orator,  might  be  ca- 
pable of. 

I  have  certain  ways  and  means,  by  which  I  can  invifti- 
gate,  and  trace  up,  all  their  attempts. 

I  perceive  you  collect  every  thing  which  you  think  can 
give  me  any  hopes  of  a  change  of  affairs. 

I  commended  the  incredible  diligence  of  Pompey. 

I  thoroughly  difcern  both  the  integrity  and  greatnefs  of 
your  mind. 

The  means  of  revenging  an  injury,  are  eafier  than  re- 
returning  a  favour. 

The  graceful  is  difcenaed  in  every  action  and  word ;  in 
fhort,  in  every  motion  and  pofition  of  the  body. 

Virtue  defires  no  other  reward  of  her  labours  and  dan- 
gers, except  this  of  praife  and  -glory. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  m<> 

rcs-publica  non  poffum  cum  tu  difceffus  castep  noftcr 
tamen,  qui  remaneo  caedes  contentus  tu  fum  dico  ? 

Omnis  Aim  meus  culpa  commiffus  qui  ab  is  ego  amo 
puto  qui  invideo  is  non  fequor  qui  peto. 

Gnecus  homo  deus  honor  tribuo   is  vir   qui    tyrahnu? 

neco. 
Qui  is  qui  vito  non  poffum  metuo  is  vivo  animus  quietus 

nullus  modus  poffum. 
Perverto  homo  is    qui  fum  fundamentum  natura  cum 

utilif^s  ab  honeftus  fcjungo. 

Socrates  cum    interrogo  cur  nullus  fupplicium   confti- 

tuo  in    is  qui  parens   neco,  refpondeo  fui    is    nemo 

facio  puto. 
Antequam  aggredior  ad  is  qui  a  tu  difputo  de  tu  ipfe 

dico  quis  fentio. 
Fio  poffum  ut  recte  quis  fentio  et  is  qui  fentio  polite 

eloquor  non  poffum. 
Habeo  a  natura  genus  quidam  acumen  qui  etiam  ars 

limo. 
Tu  vblo  qui  academia  nofter  paro'quam  primum  mine. 

Digredior  ab  is  qui.  propono  permovendus  animus  caufa 

i^epe  utilis  fum. 
Non  quis  ego  fqd  quis  orator  poffum  difputo. 

Habeo  certus    via  atqu^   ratio  qui  omnis    ille  conatus 

myeftigo  et  confequor  poffum. 
Video  tu  colligo  omnis  qui  puto  aliquis,fpes  ego  poffum 

affero  mutandus  res.  *  f"  y    Ht&- 

Laudo  incredibilis  diligentia  Pompeius.  (£**//***  ^^^td^^^ 

Ego  perfpicio  et  integritas  et  magnitude  animus  tuus, 

•Ulcifcendus  injuria  fac^»*  ratio  fum  quam  beneficiujn 

remunerandus. 
Decorus  in  omnis  faclu^.  et  diclum  in  corpus  denique 

motus  et  ftatus  cerno. 
Nullus  virtus  alius  merces  labor. pcriculumcue  deficj-.rp 

piaster  hie  laus  et  gloria.  m 


no  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

In  every  fubject,  the  general  confent  of  all  nations  is  t« 

be  regarded  as  the  law  of  nature. 
In  Greece  itfelf,  philofophy  had  never  been  in  fo  great 

repute,  had  it  not  flourifhed  by  means  of  the  difputes 

and  different  opinions  of  the  mofl  learned  men. 
A  love  of  pleafure,  and  an  attachment  to  virtue,  cannot 

eafily  exift  in  the  fame  perfon. 
The  meditation  on  future  evils  foftens  their  approach, 

when  they  appear  coming  long  before. 
He  thinks  it  banifhment  to  be  where  there  is  no  place 

for  virtue  ;  that  death  is  the  end,  not  the  puniihment, 

of  human  nature. 
For  what  name  can  imply   greater  affection  and  indul- 
gence than  that  of  a  mother  ? 
He   acted  contrary  to  the  manners  and  cufioms  of  the 

date. 
Your  remembrance  of  your  father's  friendfhip,  and  that 

affection  which  you   have  entertained  for  me  from  a 

boy,  have  given  incredible  joy. 
Antifthenes  faid  that  the -gods  of  the  people  are  many, 
-     of  nature,  one.  > 

A.  Lig-urius,  a  friend  of  Cscfars,  is  dead,  a  worthy  mail, 

and  a  friend  of  mine. 
This  is  mine  and  my  brother's,  native  country. 
What  can  this  man  do  when  angry,  if  he  might  have  tfr 

in  his  power  ;  who,  when  he  could  be  angry  with  no 

one,  was  the  enemy  of  every  good  man  ? 
I  heard  this  from  P.  Vedius,  a  great  knave,  but  yet  an 

intimate  of  Pompey's. 
I  cannot  blame  that  in  you;  which  I  approved  of  in  my- 

felf,  praetor  and  conful. 
Would  Lepidus,  a  man  adorned  with  every  advantage 

of  virtue  and  fortune,  defire  amity  with  this  fellow  ? 
I  expect  that  folitude  which  you  dread,  as  a  certain  re- 
fuge, for  1  think  that  retirement  is  the  belt  acquifition 

for  old  age. 
I  refcued  this  city,  the  habitation  of  you  all,  the  bulwark 

of  kings  and  foreign  nations,  the  light  of  the  world, 

the  feat  of  the   empire,  by  the  punifhment,  cf  five 

abandoned  and.mad  perfons. 
Could  the  ftate  itfelf  tell  you  its  prefent  fituation,  you 


/ 

THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  121 

Omnis  autem  in  res  confentio  omnis  gens  lex  natura 

putandus  fum. 
In  ipfe  Graecia  philofophia  tantus  in  honor  nunquam 

fum  niii  do&us  contentio  difputatioque  vigeo, 

Cupiditas  voluptas,  et  ftudium  virtus,  non  faciiis  in  idem 

homo  fum  poifum. 
Praemeditatio    futurus    malum    lenio  is    adventus    qui 

veniens  longe  ante  videor. 
Exilium  ibi  fum  puto  ubi  virtus  non  fum  lociis^mprs  / 

natura  finis  fum  non  poena.    /^  ,1^,  ^fid*.  lot-  p  ^r 

Qui  enim  fum  ipfe  nomen  amans  indulgenfque  materials ,? 
Aliquis  contra  mos  confuetudoque  civilis  facio. 

•Commemoratio  tuus  paternus  necefHtudo  beiy&volentia- 

que  is  qui  erga  ego  a  pueritia  confero  increcubilis  ego 

lastitia  affero, 
Antiftbenes  popularis  Deus  muitus,  naturaiis  unus  fum 

dico. 
A.  Ligurius  Caefar  familiaris  morior,  bonus  homo,  et 

ego  amicus. 
Hie  fum  metis  et  frater  rneus  germanus  patria. 
Quisthic  facio  fi  pofTum   iratus  qui  cum  fuccenfeo  nemo 

poifum  omnis  bonus  fui$.  inimicus  ? 

Hie  ego  ex  P.  Vedius  mag^usfSfc^'-iJBl  tainen   pom» 

peius  familiaris  audio.  •J^^P^I 

Non  pomtsnis  in  tureprehendo  qui  in  ego. ipfe  et  praetor 

et  conful  probo.  T 

Cum  hie  pax  volo  M.  Lepidus,    vir  ornatus  et  virtus  et 

fort  una  don  urn  ? 
Tanquam  porlus    aliquis  expecto  jfte  qui  tu  timeo,    foli- 

tudo,    fubfidium    enim    bellus   exiftimo  ium   fenectus 

otium. 
Hie  ego  urbs  fedes  omnis -«after  arx  rex  ac  natio  extcrus 

lumen    gens   domicilium    imperiivm    quinque     homo 

aniens  ac  perdiius  pcena  redimo. 

Si  ipfe  res-publica  tu  narro  poflum  quis  modus  fui  habeo 
M 


122  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

could  not  know  it  better  from  her,  than  from  your 
freed-man  Phanias  ;  the  man  is  not  only  fo  difcreet, 
but,  as  far  as  I  have  feen,  fo  inquifitive. 

Pleafure,  the  moil  engaging  miftrefs,  turns  afide  mod 
minds  from  virtue  ;  and  when  the  torch  of  adverfity 
is  moved  towards  men,  too  many  are  frightened  be- 
yond meafure  ;  life,  death,  riches,  poverty,  mod  vio- 
lently affect  all  mankind. 

My  friend  Cneus  is  in  much  better  fpirits  at  his  arrival. 

It  is  peculiar  to  a  well-turned  mind,  both  to  rejoice  at 
profperity,  and  grieve  at  adverfity. 

Let  alone,  I  beg  of  you,  thofe  things,  which  we  can 
neither  inquire  after  nor  hear  without  uneafinefs,  and 
rather  afk  if  he  has  any  thing  new  ;  for  Varfb'smufe 
has  been  filent  longer  than  ufual. 

You  have  not  confidered  what  an  affair 'it  is  to  go 
through  a  public  trial  ;  to^  develope  the  whole  life  of 
another  perfon,  and  prefent  it  not  only  to  the  under- 
ftanding,  but  to  the  eye  of  the  judges,  and  in  the  fight 
of  every  one. 

Though  it  is  more  defirable  to  end  qnr  days  without 
pain  and  without  oppreflion  ;  yet  it. adds  greater  glo- 
ry to  our  immortality,  to  be  wifhed  for  and  wanted 
by  our  fellow-citizens,  than  sever  to  have  been  injur- 
ed. 

Why  is  the  fenate  furrounded  with  a  circle  of  armed 
men  ?  why  do  your  body  guards  hear  me  .with  therr 
fwords  ?  why  are. not  the  doors  of  the  temple  of  Con- 
cord thrown  open  ?  You  bring  down  people  of  allega- 
tions 5  the  m  oft  barbarous  Ithyreans,  with  their  Ar- 
rows, are  in  the  Forum.  He  fays  that  he  does  it  for 
his  own  fafety :  is  it  not  a  thoufand  timts  better. to  pe- 
rifh,  than  not  to.be  able  to  live  in  your  own  city  without 
the  projection  of  armed  men  ?  but  truft  me  that  it  is 
no  protection  ;  you  ought  to  be  guarded  by  the  love 
and  good  will  of  your  fellow-citizens. 
He  could  not  long  bear  the  fatigue  of  the  bar,  becaufe 
he  was  of  a  weak  conftitution. 

Whc^is  of  fo  abandoned  a  difpofition,  who,  when  he  fees 
mefe  things,  can  be  filent,  or  pafs  them  over  ? 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN-  123 

non  facile  ex  is  cognofco  po/Tum,  quam  ex  libertus 
tuus  Phanias,  ita  fum  homo  non  modo  prudens,  ve* 
rum,  etiam  qui  video  curiofus. 
V7oluptas  blandus  domina  magftus  pars  animus  a  virtus 
detorqueo  et  dolor  cum  admoveo  fax  prseter  modus 
plerique  exterreo  vita  mors  divitiae  paupertas  omnic 
homo  vehementer  permoveo. 

Qui  adventus  Cnseus  nofter  multo  animus  plus  habeo.- 
Proprius  fum  animus  bene  couftitutus  et  Isetor  bonus  res 

et  doleo  contrarius. 
Omitto  ifte  qui  nee  percunclor  nee  audio  fine  moleftia 

poiTum  et  quaero  potius    an  quis  ipfe  novus  filep  enim 

diutius  rnufa  Varro  quam  foleo. 

In  mens  tu  non  venio  quis  negotium  fum  caufa  publicus 
fuilineo  vita  alter  totus  explico  atque  etiam  non  mo- 
do in  animus  judex  fed  etiam  in  oculus  confp.eclufque- 
omnis  expono. 

Etfi  **ptabilis  fum  curfus  .vita  conficio  fine  dolor  et 
fine  injuria  tamen  ad  immortalitas  gloria  plus  aifero 
defideratus  fum  a  fuus  cives  qufam  \0mnin6  nunquam 
violatus  fum.  * 

Cur  armatus  corona  fenatus  fiepio  ?  cur  ego  tuus  fatelles 
cum  gladius  aijdio^  cur  valva  Concordia  non  pateo  ? 
homo  omnis  gens  maxime  bj|f  barus*  Ithyrseus  cum  fa- 
gitta  deduco  in  Forum  pra^fidium  fuus  cauifa  fui  facio 
dico  nonne  ^igitur  millies  pereo  fum  melius  quam  in' 
fuus  ci vitas  fine  arma  praefidium  non  poffum  vivo,  fed 
nullus  fum  iflui  credo  ego  prasfidium  caritas  et  bene- 
volentia  civis  faepio  oportet  fum  non  armi  •" 


Is  labor  forenfis  diuturne  diutms  non  fero  quod  corpus 

fum  infirmus. 
Quis  tarn  diffolutus  animus  fum  qui  hie  cum  video  tace© 

ac  negligo  poffum  i 


i24  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

In  that  purfuit,  Ofaces  the  Parthian  general,  a  man  of 
great  authority,  received  a  wound,  and  died  there  a 
few  days  after. 

Such  is  his  humanity,  that  it  is  difficult  to  fay  whether 
the  enemy  feared  his  valour  more  in  the  field,  or  lov- 
ed his  politeneis  more,  after  they  were  conquered. 

Both  your  letters,  and  fome  igood  news,  not  indeed  of 
the  beft  authority,  and  the'expectation  of  hearing  from 
you,  and  your  defire,  detains  me  as  yet  at  Theffalo- 
nica. 

I  am  now  in  want  of  your  advice,  your  afFeclion,  your 
fidelity  ;  haite  then,  every  thing  will  be  eafy  to  me  if 
I  have  you. 

He  denied  that  there  was  any  occafion  for  reafon  or  ar- 
gument, to  fhew  why  pleafure  mould  be  fought  for, 
and  pain  avoided  ;  he  thinks  that  is  to  be  perceived,  as 
that  fire  burns,  fnow  is  white,  honey  fweet* 

I  want  not  any  Greek  mailer  to  repeat  trite  precepts  to 
me,  when  he  bimfelf  never  faw  the  forum,  or  any 
court  of  juftice. 

I  know  indeed,  Atticus,  that  this  undertaking  has  often 
been  requefted  cf  me,  which  I  would  not  refufe,  if 
fufficient  and  free  leiiure  might  be  allowed  me  ;  but 
the  mind  cannot  undertake  a  bufinefs  of  fuch  confe-  . 
quence,  whilft  it  is  taken  up  with  any  other  occupa- 
tion or  hindrance  ;  for  it  is  neceiTary  that  it  mould 
be  free  both  from  care  and  bufinefs. 

Why  fhould  I  fay  that  learning  is  neceffary  ?  without 
which,  *  although  any  ft»<  ihould  fp^ak  well  by  the 
affiftance  of  natural  abilitiispf  yet,**as  that  mud  hap- 
pen by  chance,  it  is  impoffible  pat- he  could  be  al- 
ways prepared.  , 

I  am  not  fo  mad,  judges,  nor  fo  ignorant  of,  or  unac- 
qu:imved,  with,  your  fentiments,  as  not  to  know  what 
J       you  thinl  of  Clodius's  death. 

What  citizen  is  here  fo  forgetful  of  your  favours,  fo  un- 
mindful of  his  country,  fuch  an  enemy  to  his  own 
honour,  whom  your  general  approbation  will  not  in- 
flame I      V* 

After  the  continuance  of  peace  had  aflured  to  each  one 
fufficient  leifure,  there  was  hardly  any  young  man 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  125 

Qui  in  fuga  magnus  authoritas  Ofaces  dux  Parthurj 
vulnus  accipio  eoque  intereo  pauci  poft  dies. 

Humanitas   jam  tardus  fum  ut   difficilis  dico  fum  utram 

hollis  magis    virtus   is  nutans   timeo  an    maniujtuuo 

v ictus  diligo. 
Ego   et  tuus  litene  et  quidam  bonus    nuncius  non  bonus 

tameii  auctor  et  expectatio  veder  litcr«e  et  quod  tu  ita 

placet)  adhuc  Theiialonica  teneo. 

Nunc  j£o  et  concilium  opus  Aim  tuus  et  amor  et;  fides 
quflre  advolo  ^j^tditus  ego  fum  omnis  li  tu  habeo. 

Nego  opus  fum  ratio  neque  difputatio  quamobrern  vo- 
hiptas  expetendus  fugiendus  dolor  fum,  fentio  hie  pu- 
to  ut  caleo  ignis  nix  fum  albus  dulcis  mei. 

Nee  ego  opus  fum  Graecus  aliquis  doctor  qui  ego  per- 
vulgatus  praeceptum  decanto  cum  ipfe  nunquam  fo- 
rum nunquam  uilus  judicium  afpicio. 

Intelligo  equidem  a  ego  i-ite  labor  jam  diu  poftulo  At- 
ticus  qui  non  recufo,  ii  ego  ullus  tribuo  vacuus  tern- 
pus  et  lib£r  neque  enini  occupo  opera,  neque  impedio 
animus,  re^  tantus  fufpicio  poiium  uter.que  opus  fum 
ct  cura  vaco  et  negotium.. 


Quis  dico  opus  fum  doctrina  fine  qui  etiam  fi  cuts  bene 
dicor  adjuvans  natura  tamen  is  quia  fortuito  no  fem- 
per  paraius  mm  non  poifum. 


Nee  tarn  fum  demens  judex  tamque  veiter  fenfus  igna- 

rus    atque  expers    ut    nefcio    quis  de    mors    Clodius 

fentio. 
Quis  fum  civis  tarn  oBlitus  ben.eflcium  >vefler  tarn  im- 

memor  patria  tarn  inimicus  dignatas  futfs  qui  non  in- 

flammo  confenfus  vertex  I 

Poflquam   diuturm'tas  pax  otium^  confirmo  nemo  fere 
M  2 


126  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

emulous  of  commendation,  who  did  not  think  ha 
ought  to  apply  to  the  art  of  fpeaking  with  his  utmoft 
endeavours. 
Which  of  thefe  opinions  is  true,  fome  god  may  have  de- 
termined ;  which  is  neareft  to  the  truth,  is  a  great  dif- 
pute.  ^ 

Exercife  and  temf  erince  can  preferve  fome  part  of  our 

former  ftrength,  even  in  old  age. 
Though  I  in  particular  of  all  perfons,  am  lead  qualified 
to  confole  you,  becaufe  I  have  felt  fo  much   uneafi- 
nefs  from  your  grief,  that  I  myfelf  want  confolation  ; 
yet  as  my  concern  is  farjntferior  to  yours,  in  the  bit- 
ternefs  of  the  higheft  affliction,  I  considered  it  as  in- 
cumbent on  our  friendfhip,  and  my  regard  for  you, 
not  to  continue  filent  in  your  prefent  trouble,  but  to 
offer  fuch  confiderations  as  may  alleviate,  if  not  fub- 
due,  your  anguifh. 
That  year  was  his  firft  after  going  out  of  office. 
Death   feems  to  me  an  evil.     To   thofe  who  are  dead, 

or  to  thofe  who. are  yet  to  die  ?  To  both. 
Do  you  allow  this,  Pomponius,  that  all  nature  is  govern- 
ed by  the  might,  the  reafon,  the  power,  the  intelli- 
gence, the  influence  (or  if  there  is  any  other  word  by 
which  I  can  more  plainly  exprefs  my  meaning)  of  the 
immortal  gods  ?    I  do  indeed  allow  it,  if  you  require 
it. 
Nothing  is  more  excellent  than  the  government  of  the 
univerfe  ;  therefore  the  univerfe  is  governed  by  the 
wifdom  of  the  gods. 
None  of  your  many  virtues  is  more  pleafmg,  or  more 

aftohifning,  than  yodf  companion. 
But  mould  you  go  into  Britain  alfo,  truly  there  will  be 
no  one  in  that  great  ifland  more  fkilful  than  yourfelf. 
There  is  nothing  more  hateful  than  difgrace  ;  nothing 
more  fhameful  than  ilavery.     We  were  torn  to  ho- 
nour and  liberty  ;  let  us  preferve  thefe,   Or  die  with 
dignity. 
I  wifh  for  thefe  two  things  only  ;  one,  that  at  my  death 
I  may  leave  the   Roman  people  free  ;  the  immortal 
gods  can  grant  me  nothing    greater  than  this  :   the 
other,  that,  according  as  each  man  deferves  of  the 
ftate,  fo  he  may  fucceed. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  127 

Iaus    cupidus    adolefcens   non  fui  ad    dico  ftudium 
omnis  enitor  puto. 

Hie   fententia  qui  verus  Aim  deus  aliquis  video  qui  ve- 
rum  fimilis  magnus  quaeftio  fum. 

^Poffum  exercitatio  et  temperantia  in  feneclus  etiam  ali- 
quis confervo  priftinis  robur. 
Etfi  unus  ex  omnis  minime  fum  ad  tu  confolandus  ac- 
commodatus,  quod  tantus  ex  tuus  moleftia  capio  do- 
lor, ut  confolatio  ipfe  egeo  tamen  cum  longius  a  fum- 
mus  luclus  a  cerbitas  meus  abfum  dolor  quam  tuus, 
ftatuo  nofter  necefHtas  fum  meus  que  in  tu  benevolen- 
tia  non  taceo  tantus  in  tuus  maeror  tamdiu,  fed  adhi- 
beo  aliquis  modicus  confolatio  qui  levo  dolor  tuus 
pofTum  h*  minus  fano  pofiiim. 

Qui  annus  is  primus  ab  honus  perfunclio  fum. 

Malum  ego  videor  fum  mors  is  ne  qui  mortuus  fum  vel 

qui  morior  fum  uterque. 
Do   ne  igitur  hie  ego  Pomponius  deus  immortalis  vis 

ratio  poteftas  mens  numenlfive  qui  fum  alius  verbum 

qui  plena  fignifico  qui  volo  natura  omnis  rego    do 

fane  fi  poitulo. 


Nihil  fum  praeclarus.  mundus  adminiftratio  deus  igitur 
confiiittH*  adminiftra^o  mundus. 

Nullus  de  virtus  tuus  plurimus  nee  gratus  nee  admira- 

bilis  mifericondia  fum. 
Quod  fi  in  Britannia  quoque  proficifcor  profecto  nemo 

in  ille-t-antus  infula  peritus  tu  fum. 
Nihil  fum  deteflabilis  dedecus  nihil  fcedus  fervitus  ad 

decus  et  ad  libertas  natus  aut  hie  teneo  aut  cum  dig- 

nitas  morior. 

Duo  modo  hie  opto  unus  ut  morior  populu?  Rcmanus 
liber  relinquo  hie  ego  magnus  a  dii  immortalis  do 
nihil  pofmm  alter  ut  ita  quifque  evenio  ut  de  res-pub-    \ 
lica  quifque  bene  mereor. 


ii3  AN  INTRODUCTION   TO 

There  is  nothing  more  amiable  than  virtue  ;  nothing 
that  will  more  engage  the  affections  of  mankind  :  lor 
inftance,  when  we,  in  fome  degree,  love  thole  whom 
we  have  never  feen,  on  account  of  their  virtue  and  in- 
tegrity. 

They  feem  to  give  good  advice,  who  admonifh  us,  that 
the  more  exalted  we  are,  the  more  humble  we  ihould 
behave. 

A  certain  ardency  for  glory,  unufual  to  young  men, 
abforbed  him.  # 

Good  health  is  more  pleafmg  to  thefe  who  have  reco- 
vered from  a  dangerous  iilnefs,  than  to  thofe  who 
have  never  been  fick. 

The  fame  labours  are  not  equally  painful  to  the  foldicr 
and  the  commander,  becauie  honour  itielf  lightens  the 
commander's  labour. 

Nothing  certainly  can  be  better  for  a  man,  than  to  be 
tree  from  all  pain  and  trouble,  and-  to  enjoy  the  great- 
eft  pleaitrre  both  of  mind  and  body. 

Let  as  meditate  upon  death,  >ind  detach  ourfelves  from 
cur  bodies  ;  that  is,  let  us  accuitom  ourfelves  to  die  ; 
this  will  be  like  that  celeltial  life,  even  while  we  fhalj 
be  in  this  world* 

It  has  been  agreed  upon  in  general  amongft  all  men. 
that  the  object  upon  which  prudence  mould  be  em- 
ployed, and  which  it  would  wiih  to  obtain,  ought  to 
be  fitted  and  accommodated  to  our  nature,  and  fuch 
as  by  itfelf  ihould  invite  and  entice  the  inclination. 

Let  us  be  of  that  difpofition,  which  reafon  and  truth 
prefcribes,  to  think  that  we  mould  *  avoid  nothing  in 
life  but  guilt,  and  whilft  we  can  be  free  from  that,  let 
us  bear  all  human  events  with  patience  and  modera^- 
tion  ;  for  when  every  thing  elfe  is  loft.,  virtue  feems 
able  to  fupport  itfelf. 

As  you  are  of  fuch  weight,  Cato>  you  ought  not  to  catch 
at  fcandal  from  the  ftreet,  or  ibme  abufive.  difcourfe 
of  individuals  ;  nor  ihould  you  raihly  call  the  conful 
of  the  Roman  people  a  dancer. 

They  heard  of  him  before,  but  now  they  fee  him  amongft 
them,  bled  with  fuch  temperance,  mildnefs,  and  hu- 
manity, that  they  feem  to  be  mo  ft  happy  with  whem 
he  fpends  moil  time. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  u$ 

Nihil  fum  enim  amabilis  virtus  nihil  qui  magis  allicio 
homo  ad  diiigo  quippe  cum  propter  virtus  et  probitas 
is  etiam  qui  nunquam  video  qmdam  mos  diiigo. 


Recte  prarcipio  videor  qui  monetj  lit  quantus  faperior 
fum  tan t us  ego  gero  fubmiffe. 

Hie  quoque  abforbeo  aeflus  quidam  infolitus  adalefcens 

gloria. 
Bonus  valetudo  jucundus  fum  is  qiii  e  gravis  morbus 

recreo  quam  qui  nunquam  jeger  corpus  fum. 

Idem  labor  nort  fum  «que  gravis  imperator  et  miles 
quod  ipfe  honor  labor  levis  facio  imperator. 

Nihil  certe  homo  pc/Ium  bonus  fum  quam  vaco  omnis 

dolor  et  mole  (Ha  perfruorque  magnus  et  animus  et 

corpus  voluptas. 
Mors  commentor  disjungo  que.ego-a  corpusis  fum  .con- 

fuefco  morior  hie  et.dum  fum. in  terra  fum  ille.caelef- 

tis  vita  fimilis. 

Confto  autem  fere  inter  omuls  is  in  qui  prudentia  verfor 
et  qui  afTequor  volo  aptus  et  accommodatus  natura 
fum  oportet,  et  talis  ut  ipfe  pei^fui  invito  et  allicio 
appetitus  animi. 

Sum  is  mens  qui  ratio  et  Veritas  prefcribo  ut  nihil  in  vita 
ego  prasftandus  praster  culpa  puto  ifque  cum  careo 
cmnis  humanus  placate  et  moderate  fero  perditus  enim 
res  omnis  ipfe  Virtus  fi  fuftento  ppffiim  videor. 


Cum  ifte  fum  authoritas  non  debeo  Cato  arripio  male- 
dictum  ex  trivium  aut  ex  fcurra  aliquis  convicium 
neque  temere  conful  populus  Romauus  faltator  voco. 

Hie  audio  antea  nunc  pnefens  video  tantus  temperantin ' 
tantus  manfuetudo  tantus  humanitas  ut  is  beatus  fum 
video  apud  qui  iile  diuturne  commoror. 


1 

Tjo  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

Such  was  the  virtue  and  wifdom  of  our  anceftors,  that 
in  framing  their  laws  they  propofed  to  themfelves 
notliing  eligftuuthe  fafety  and  advantage  of  the  com- 
monwealtJK^r 

Seem  we  indeed  all  then  of  fo  mean  a '  difpofition,  who 
are  engaged  in  public  affairs,  and  the  dangers  of  this 
life,  as  to  fuppofe,  that  when,  even  to  the  end,  we  have 
led  a  life  of  no  eafe,  no  quiet,  every  thing  dies  with 
us  ?  or  when  many  of  the  greateft  men  have  been  care- 
ful to  leave  ftatues  and  pictures,  not  the  images  of 
their  minds,  but  their  bodies,  ought  not  we  much  ra- 
ther to  defire  to  leave  the^Sgy  of  our  wifdom  and 
virtue,  tmifhed  and  polifhed  by  the  greateft  genius  ? 

Dionifius  himfelf  fhowed  how  «happy  he  was,  for  whtn 
Damocles  oae  oPhis  flatterers  Was  in  afpeech  celebrat- 
ing his  pow^  his  wealth,  the  extent  of  his  dominions, 
the  magnificence  of  4iis  palace/;  and  affirmed  that  no 
one  was  ever  happier — Damocles,  fay^Ae,  fmGe  this 
life  appears  fo  agreeable  to  you,  wjJBteuwifhto 
experience  it,,  and  put  yourfelf  in  my  fl  Bj|tW"hen 
he  faid  he  mould  like  it,"  he  orderecitnWPSN^o  be 
placed  upon  a  golden  couch,  with  a  very  handfome 
mattrefs,  and  a  woven  counterpane,  painted  with  the 
mod  elegant  figures;  he  fet  out  feveral  fide-boards 
with  filver  and  gold  emboffed  plate,  and  ordered  boys 
of  moft  exquifite  beauty  to  be  felecled  to  wait  at  table, , 
and  with  the  utmoft  attention  to  obferye  his  looks ; : 
perfumes  and  garlands  were  added,  gumiwere  burnt, 
and  the  entertainment  loaded  with  the  choiceft  dain- 
ties. Damocles  thought  himfelf  very  fort&aate  ;  but 
in  the  midft  of  this  apparatus,  he  ordered  a  glittering 
fword  to  be  fufpended  from  the  ceiling  by  £\"£n^le 
Horfe  hair,  that  it  might  hang  upon  the  neck  of  this 
Happy  man  ;  he  could  then  no  longer  look  upon  life 
beautiful  attendants,  nor  the  plate  erouded  with  the 
workman's  art,  nor  could  he  reach  out  his  hand  to 
the  table,  and  even  the  garland  dropt  from  his  head  ; 
at  lad  he  entreated  the  tyrant  to  permit  him  to  retire, 
for  he  did  not  choofe  to  be  a  happy  man  any  longer. 
Don't  you  think  that  Dionifius  proved  that  no  one 
could  be  happy  who  is  in  terror  ? 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  i3x 

Is  enim  virtus  ct  fapicntia  majorcs  nofter  fum  ut  in  Ie>c 
fcribendus  nifi  ialus  atque  utiiitas  res-publica  fui  alius 
nihil  propono. 

An  vero  tam  parvus  animus  videor  fum  omnis,  qui  m 
res-publica  atque  in  hie  vita  periculum  labor  que  ver- 
for,  ut  cum  ufque  ad  extremus  ipatium  nullus  tran- 
quillus  atque  otiofus  fpiritus  duco,  ego  cum  fimul 
moriturus  omnis  arbitror  an  cum  ftatua  et  imago  non 
animus  fimulachrum  fed  corpus  ftudiofe  multus  fum- 
mus  homo  relinquo  confilium  relinquo  ac  virtus  noder 
effigies  non  multo  malo  debeo  fummus  ingenium  ex- 
preffus  et  politus  ? 

Dionifius  ipfe  indico  quam  fum  beatus  cum  qtu'dam  ex 
is  affentator  Damocles  commemoro  in  fermo  ,copia  is 
opis,  majeftas,  dominatus  magnificentia  aedes  regins 
nego  que  unquam  beatus  quifque  fum  yolo  ne  igitur 
inquam.  O  Damocles  quoniam  hie  tu  vita  cFelecto  ipfe 
idem  degufto  et  fortuna  experiqr  meus,  cum  fui  ille 
cupio  dico  collocor  jubeo  homo  in  aureus  leclus, 
(Iratum  pulcher  textilis  ftragulum  rriagnifkus  opus 
pictus  abacufque  corriplures,  orno  argentum  auriprique 
caslatus  turn  ad  menfa,  eximiu$  forma  puer  delectus 
jubeo  c^onfifto  ifque  ad  nutus  ille  intuens  diligenter 
miniftro  adfum  unguentum  corona  iucendeo  odor 
menfa  conquifitus  epulse  exftruo  fortunatus  fui  Da- 
mocles videorvin  hie  medius  apparatus  fulgens  gladius 
e  lacunar  feta  equirius  appenfus  demitto  jubeo  ut  im- 
pendeojlle  beatus  cervix  itaque,  nee  pulcher  ille  ad- 
miniftrator  afpicio,  nee  plenus  ars  argentum,  nee  ma» 
nus  porrigo  in  menfa  jam  ipfe  deffluo  corona  denique 
exora  tyrannus,  ut  abeo  libet  quod  jam  beatus  nolo 
fum  fatis,  ne  videor  declaro  Dionifius  nihil  fum  is 
beatus  qui  femper  aliquis  terror  impciadeo  ? 


i32  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

In  this  particular  your  condition  is  better  than  ours,  that 
you  dare  write  what  you  complain  of:  we  cannot  tru- 
ly do  that  in  fafety,  and  this  not  through  any  fault  of 
the  conqueror,  for  nothing  can  be  more  moderate  than 
he  is.;  but  of  the  conqueit,  which  is  always  infolent  in 
civil  wars. 

If  there  is  any  thing  in  nature  which  the  mind  of  man, 
which  human  reaXon,  which  human  flrength,'  which 
human  p_ower,  could  not  produce,  certainly  the  being 
who  .produces  that,  is  fuperior  to  man  ;  but  the 
heavenly  bodies,  and  all  thofe  things  whofe  arrange- 
ment is  perpetual,  could  not  be  framed  by  man  ;  there 
is  therefore  fomething  which,  fuperior  to  man,  pro- 
duces them,  and  what  can  I  better  call  that,  than 
God? 

/Of  all  the  employments  by  which  any  profit  is  made, 
there  is  nothing  better  than  agriculture,  nothing- 
more  advantageous,  nothing  more  pleafmg,  nothing 
more. worthy  of  a  man  who  is  free.     / 

When  God  .lias  given  you  a  foul,  than/  which  nothing  is 
more  excellent,  more  divine,  will  you  fo  degrade^  fo 
humble  yourfelf,  as  to  think  there  is  no  difference  Be- 
tween you  and  one t of  the  brutes  ?^~-"' 

It  is  difpleafmg  to   a  delicate   iriar/to  afk  any  thing  of 

confequence    from  .one   whom  the  may  think    he  has 

obliged,  left  he  fhould.feem  rather  to    demand   than 

requeft  for  what  he  afks — and  coniider  it  as  a  pay- 

s      ment,  rather  than  a  favour. 

Confcript  fathers,  I  will  io  behave  myfelf  in  this  office, 
that  I  may  have  it  in  my  power  to  check  a  tribune  of 
the  people,  Jf  he  takes  offence  at  government ;  to  def- 
pife  him,  if  he  takes  offence  at  me. 

It  is  of  the  greateft  confequence  in  friendfliip  for  the 
fuperior  ta  be  upon  an  equality  with  the  inferior,  as 
Scipio  was  ;  he  never  aiTumed  any  fuperiority  over 
Rupilius  or  Mummius,  or  any  friend  of  an  inferior 
rank. 

It  is  right  to  be  firft  of  all  a  good  man  yourfelf,  and 
then  to  feek  out  for  one  that  is  like  you. 

He  who  could  perceive  by  his  mind  the  revolutions,  and 
all  the  motions,  of  the  ftars,  (hews  that  his  mind  was 
like  his  who  made  them  in  heaven. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  133 

Hie  ipfe  bonus  fum  tuus  quam  nofter  conditio  quod  tu 
quis  doleo  fcribo  audeo  ego  ne  is  quidem  tuto  poifum 
nee  is  victor  vitium  qui  nihil  moderatus,  led  ipie  \  ic- 
toria  qui  civilis  bellum  Temper  fum  iniolens. 


Si  fum  aliquis  in  res  natura  qui  homo  mens  qui  ratio, 
qui  vis  qui  poteftas  humanus  eihcio  non  poifum  ium 
certe  is  qui  ille  efficio  homo  bonus  atqui  res  caeieitis 
omnifque  is  qui  ium  ordo  fempiternus  ab  homo  con- 
iicio  non  poflum  fum  igitur  is  qui  ille  conficio  homo 
bonus  is  autem  quis  potius  dico  quam  Deus  ? 


Omnis  res  ex  qui  aliquis  exquiro   nihil   fum  agricultura 
bonus  nihil  uber  nihil  dulcis  nihil  homo  liber  riignus. 


Tu  cum  tu  Deus  do  animus  qui  nihil  fum  praedans 
bene  divinus  fie  tu  ipfe  abjicio  atque  proflerno  ut  ni- 
hil inteitu  et  quadrupes  aliquis  puto  interfum.  . 

gravis  fum  homo  pudens  peto  aliquis  magatis  is  de  qui 
iui  bene  meritus  puto  ne  is  qui  peto,  exigo  magis 
quam  rogo,  et  in  merces  potius  quam  beneficium  lo- 
cus numero  videor. 

Sic  ego  in  hie  magiftratus  gero  P.  C.  ut  poflum  tribu- 
nus  plebs  res-public  a  iratus  coerceo  ego  iratus  con- 
temno. 

Magnus  fum  in  amicitia  fuperior  par  fum  inferior  qua^ 
lis  fum  Scipio  nunquam  iui  ille  Rupilius  nunquam 
Mummius  untepono  nunquam  inferior  ordo  amicus. 

Par  fum  autem  priinum  ipfe  fum  vir  bonus  tam  alter  fi- 

milis  iui  quxro. 
Stella  converiiq  omnis  que  motus  qui   animus  video,    is 

doceo  fimilis  animus  fuus  is  fum  qui  is  fabric  ams  ia 

ccelum  ium.  N 


aH  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

You  have  crept  into  honours  by  the  miftake  of  mankind, 
by  the  recommendation  of  fmoke-dried  ftatues,  which 
you  are  like  in  nothing  but  in  complexion. 

There  are  certain  animals  in  whom  there  is  fomething 
like  virtue  ;    as  in  lions,  in  dogs,  in  horfes. 

There  is  a  certain  cultivation  and  perfection  in  thofe 
things  which  the  earth  produces,  not  diflimilar  to  liv- 
ing creatures  :  ihus  we  fay  that  a  vine  lives  and  dies  ; 
that  a  tree  is  young  or  old,  flour.iihes  or.  decays. 

.Every  virtue  has  its  proper  employment  ;  Fortitude  is 
feen  in  fupportwg  pain  and  danger  ;  temperance  in 
negle.clin.g ,  pleafure  ;  prudence  in  fele. cling  between 
good  and  bad  ;  juflice  in  rendering  to  every  one  his 
own. 

They  think  this  not  inconfiftent  with  the  majefty  of  the 
.  gods,  namely,  that  they  ftiould  examine  into  vthe  cau- 
ies  of  all  things,  that  they  may  fee  what  will  be  bene- 
ficial to  every  one. 

This  article  is  peculiar  to  Ccefar  alone. 

Other  nations  can  endure  flavery,  but  liberty  is  e/Tentiai 
,  to  the  Roman,  people. 

The  whole  univerfe  is  to  be  confidered  as  one  city,  com- 
mon to  r  ds  r.nd  men. 

The  heavenly  mind  is  kept  down  from  its  moft  lo^ty  ha- 
bitation, and  as  it  were  irr.merfed  in  xh'eLeartJh,  which 
is  a  place  contrary  to  its,  diyjne,. nature  and  eternity. 

Since  things  are  now  reduced  to  this  dilemma  whether 
he  fhall  be  punifhed  by  the  ftate,  or  we  ill  all  be  flavca, 
let  us,  O  cenfeript  fathers,  by  the  immortal  Gods,  al 
length  affume  our  xative  courage  and  virtue,  that 
we  may  recover  that  liberty  which  is  peculiar  to  the 
Reman  people  and  name,  or  prefer  death  to  flavery. 

■  In  this  I  am  more  miferable  than  you  who  are  mc& 
miferable,  that  the  calamity  is  common  to  us  both* 
.  but  the  fault  entirely  my  own. 

As  this  argument  is  common  to  other  philcfophcrs  alfo, 
I  will  emit  it  at  prefent.  I  rather  chcofe  to  proceed 
to  thofe  which  are  properly  yours. 

That  opinion, .confeript  fathers,  is  inconfiftent  with  the 
dignity  of  the  ccnfuls,  inconfi/tent  with  the  gravity  of 
the  times. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  x3y 

Obrepo  ad  honor  error  homo  ctftnmeitdatio  fumofus 
imago  qui  iimilis  habco  nihil  piaster  color; 

Sum  beftia  quidam  in  qui  infum  aliquis  iimilis'  virtus  ut 
in  loo  ut  in  cants  ut  in  equasi  ■ 

Is  etiam  res  qui  terra  gigno  educatio  quidam  et  per- 
fe&io  fum  non  diffimilis  animans  itaque  et  vivo  vitis 
ct  morior  dico  arborque  et  novellus  et  vetulus  et  vigeo 
fenefco. 

Proprius,  quifque'  virtus  munus  fum  ut  fortitudo  in  la- 
bor periculumque  cerno  temperantia  in  praster  mit- 
tendus  voluptas  prudentia  in  delectus  bonus  et  malus 
juilitia  in  fuua  quifque  tribuendus. 

Nego  enim  is  fum  alienus,  majeftas  deus  fcilicet.  caufa 
omnis  introfpicio  ui  video  quis  qui  conduce. 


Hie  res  unus  fum  proprius  Casfan 

Alius  natio  fervitus  patiqr  poffum  pqyulus  Romanus 

proprius  fum  libertas.  t-<V  .    (/  'u  '"  *•     - 
Univerfus  hie  mundus  unus'  civitas  communis  Deus  at- 

que  homo  exiftimandus  fum. 
Sum   animus   caeleitis  ex  altus  domicilium  depreffus   et 

quafi  demerfus   in  terra  locus  divinus  natura  et  «ter- 

nitas  contfarms. 
Quoniam  res  in  is  difcrimen  adehfeo  utrum  ille  poena  res- 

publica  luo,   an  nos   fervio    aliquando  per  Deus    im- 

mortalis  P.  C.  patrius  animus  virtufque  capio,  ut  aut 

libertas  proprius   Romanus  genus  et  nomen  recupero 

aut  mors  fervitus  antepono. 

Ego  hie  mifer  (urn  quam  tu  qui  fum  mifer  quod   ipfe 

calamitas    communis  fum  uterque  noRer  f^d  culpa 

meus  proprius  fum. 
Quia  communis  fum  hoc  argumentum  alius  etiam  phi- 

lofophus  omitto  hie  tempus  ad  verier  proprius  venio 

malo. 
Ille  P.  C.  alienus  conful  dignitas  alienus  tempus  gravi* 

tas  fententia  fum. 


13«  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

What  fiiould  a  man  do  who  was  born  to  virtue,  glory, 
dignity,  when  the  power  of  wicked  men  was  ftrength- 
ened,  and  the  laws  and  the  courts  were  deftroyed  ? 

But  what  men  will  enjoy  the  land  ?  fa  the  firft  place, 
truly,  the  bold,  ready  for  violence,  prepared  for  fedi- 
tion. 

Will  a  man,  born  to  glory,  have  any  part  of  his  mind  fo 
effeminate,  as  not  to  iirengthen  it  by  meditation  and 
reafon  ? 

Although  he  was  a  friend  to  truth,  yet  he  feemed  by 
nature  not  fo  prone  to  companion,  as  inclined  to  feve- 
rity. 

My  contemporary,  Pompey,  a  man  born  to  every  thing 
great,  would  have  acquired  a  higher  character  as  a 
ipeaker,  had  not  the  defire  of  greater  glory  drawn  him 
off  to  military  honours. 

When  we  have  begun  to  look  round  us,  and  perceive 
what  we  may  be,  and  wherein  we  differ  from  other 
animals,  then  we  begin  .to  plirfue  thofe  things  to  which 
wre  were  born. 

Who  ever  believes  that  what  is  liable  to  deftruclion  and 
accident  will  continue  firm,  and  fixed  in  its  power  ? 

Whenever  we  are  free  from  our  neceffary  bufmefs  and 
cares,  then  we  defire  to  hear,  to  fee,  and  to  learn  feme- 
thing. 

Menander  came  to  me  the  day  after  I  expecled  him,  fo 
that  I  had  a  night  full  of  anxiety  and  uneafmefs. 

Who  is  there  that  does  not  at  firit  lament  the  death  of 
her  relations  ?  on  this  account,  becaufe  fhe  thinks  they 
are  deprived  of  the  common  benefits  of  life. 

Thence  I  went  to  Amanus,  which  divides  Syria  from  Ci- 
licia  by  a  water-courfe,  which  mountain  was  full  of 
our  hereditary  eiiemies. 

If  thofe  things  which  are  completed  by  nature,  are  more 
perfect  than  thofe  things  which  are  completed  by  art, 
and  art  does  nothing  without  reafon,  nature  truly  can- 
not be  confidered  as  void  of  reafon. 

He  even  repeated  the  letters  which  he  fays  I  fent  him  ; 
a  man  void  of  humanity,  and  ignorant  of  common 
life  ;  for  who,  that  underftood  even  the  leaft  of  good 
manners,  would  ever,  in  confequence  of  any  quarrel 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  137 

Quis  ago  vir  ad  virtus  dignltas  gloria  natus  vis  fcelera- 
tus  homo  corroboratus  lex  judicium  que  fublatus. 

At  qui   homo  ager   poffideo  primo   quidcm  accr  ad   vis 
promptus,  ad  feditio  paratus. 

Vir  nafcor  ad  gloria  ullus  pars  animus  tarn  mollis  habe® 
quam  non  meditatio  et  ratio  corroboro. 

Tametfi  Veritas  fum  amicus  tamen  natura  non  tarn  pro- 

penilis  ad    mifericordia  quam   inclinatus  ad  feveritas 

videor. 
Meus  aequalis    Pompeius   vir   ad   omnis   fummus  natus 

magnus  dico  gloria  habeo  niii  is  magnus  gloria  cupi- 

ditas  ad  belli,cu*s  laus  abitralio. 

Cum  defpicio  cocpi  e^  fentio  quis  fum  et  quis  ab  animans 
c^ter  differo  tuons  iequor  incipio  ad  qui  nafcor. 


Quis  confido  Temper  fui  tile  ftabilis  et  firmns  permanfu- 

rus  fum  qui  fragilis.,  et  caducus  fum. 
Cum  fum  necellariuyaegotium  curaque  vacuus  turn  aveo 


aliquis  video  au^RiCydifco.. 


ly^ie.2ra  e£ 


Menandrus  pofty^ie  &&  ego  venio  quam  expecto   itaque 

habeo  nox  plenus  trmor.ac  miferia. 
Quis  fum  qui  fuus  mt>rs  primum  non.eo  lugeo  quod  is 
t  orbatus  vita  comrjiodum  arbitror. 

Inde  ad  Amanus  cojitendo  qui  Syria  a  Cilicia  aqua  di- 

vortium  divido  q-u$nion&  fum  hoftis  plenus  fempiter- 

nus. 
Si  bonus  fum  is  qui  natura  quam  ille  qui  ars  perrlcio  nee 

ars.emcio  quifquam  fine  ratio  ne  natura  quidem  ratio 

expers  fum  habendus. 

Etiam  literx  qui  ego  fui  mitto  dico  recito  homo  et  hu- 

manitas  expers  et  vita  communis  ignarus   quis  enim 

unquam   paullulum  rnoda,  bonus  confuetudo    nofco 

liters  ad  fui  ab  amicus  miifus  offeniio  aliquis  inter- 

N  2 


O 


i38  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

arifmg,  produce  and  repeat  in  public  the  letters  which 
his  friend  fent  him  ? 

Indeed  even  the  air  itfelf,  which  is  extremely  cold,  is  ve-    r 
ry  far  frorn  being  without  heat.  //  }  y 

Italy  was  the"  fall  of  Graecian  arts  and  Gnecian  learn-        p 
ing.    -•""-  f  / 

If  every  part  of  the  univerfe  is  governed  by  Providence, 
it  neceffarily  follows  that  the  whole  is  fo  :  and  in  this 
government  there  is  nothing  that  can  be  found  fault 
with,  fmce,  from  every  kind  of  being  that  exifts,  the 
beft  fyilem  poffible  has  been  produced  :  let  any  one 
then  fhew  how  it  could  have  been  better.  But  no  one 
will  ever  fhew  this  ;  for,  ihould  a  man  wifii  to  alter  any 
part  of  it,  he  would  either  render  it  worfe,  or  attempt 
what  is  impoflible.  If  then  every  part  of  the  univerfe 
is  fo  constituted  that  it  could  not  be  more  adapted  to 
the  purpofe  for  which  it  was  intended,  nor  more  beau- 
tiful in  its  appearance,  let  us  confider  whether  thefe 
things  have  happened  by  chance,  or  whether  they 
are  in  a  fituation  in  which  they  could  not  have  been 
fixed  but  by  the  regulation  of  divine  wifdom  and 
providence  ;  for  if  the  productions  of  nature  are  more 
perfect  than  thofe  of  art,  and  art  can  do  nothing  with- 
out intelligence,  it  follows  that  nature  itfelf  can  never 
be  fupported  without  it  :  for  how  is  this  confident  ? 
When  you  fee  a  ftatue,  or  a  picture,  you  recognize  it 
to  be  the  work  of  art ;  or  when  you  fee  the  ccurfe  of  a 
\TefTel  at  a  diiiance,  you  hefitate  not  to  conclude  that 
it  is  moved  by  feme  principle,  and  fome  fkill  ;  or 
when  you  look  upon  a  time-piece,  you  know  that  the 
hours  are  marked  out  by  rule,  and  not  by  accident  ; 
and  yet  you  fuppofe  that  the  univerfe  itfelf  which  con- 
tains every  art,  and  every  artificer,  and  all  things 
elfe,  is  without  reafon  and  defign.  Should  any  one 
alfo  carry  that  orrery  into  Scythia,  or  Britain,  which 
cur  friend  Poflidonius  made,  the  revolutions  of  which 
produce  the  fame  motions  in  the  fun,  moon,  and  the 
five  planets,  which  are  produced  in  the  heavens  every 
day  and  night  ;  who  in  thefe  barbarous  countries 
would  doubt  wheth  r  this  orrery  was  the  work  of  in- 
telligence ?  And  yet  thefe  perfons  make  it  a  matter  of 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  139' 

pofitus  in  mctlius  profero  palamque  recito.  ^-^>    -        l'#d.. 


Ipfe  vero  aer  qui  natura  fum  maxime  frigidus  minime 

Aim  cxpers  calor.  P  '   ,     /7  J 

Sum  Italia  turn  plenus  Graecus  ars  ac  difciplina/'*f;/' 

Si  mundus  pars  natura  adminiftror  neceffc  fum  mundus 
ipfe  natura  adminiftror,  qui  quidem  adminiftratio  ni- 
hil habeo  in  fui  qui  reprehendor  poffum  ex  is  enim  na- 
tura, qui  fum  qui  efficior  poffum  optimus  efficior  do 
ceo  ergo  aliquis  poffum  melior,  fed  nemo  unquam  do 
ceo,  et  fi  quis  corrigo  aliquis  volo  aut  deterior  facio 
aut  is  qui  fio  non  poffum  defidero  quod  fi  omnis  mun- 
dus pars  ita  conftituor,  ut  neque  ad  ufus  melior  pof- 
fum fum,  neque  ad  fpecies  pulchrior  video  utrum  is 
fortuitus  fum  an  flatus  qui  coriaereo  nullus  modus  pof- 
fum nil!  fenfus  moderans  divinus  que  providentia, '  fi 
ergo  melior  fum  is  qui  natura,  quam  ille  qui  ars  per- 
ficlor  nee  ars  effici©  quis  que  line  ratio  ne  natura  qui- 
dem ratio  expers,  fum  habendus  qui  igitur  conve- 
nio  lignum  aut  tabula  pictus  cum  afpicio  fcio  ad- 
hibitus  fum  ars  cumque  procut  curfus  navigium  vi- 
deo, non  dubitoquin  cum  is  ratio  atque  ars  moveor 
aut  cum  foiarium  contemplor  intelligo  declaror  bora 
ars  non  cams  mundus  autem,  qui  et  hie  ipfe  ars  et  is 
artifex  et  cunclus  compledlor  confilium  et  ratio  fum 
expers,  puto  quod  fi  in  Scythia  aut  in  Britannia 
fphaera  aliquis  fero  hie  qui  nuper  familiaris  nofter 
efficio  Pofidonius  qui  fmgulus  converfio  idem  efHcio 
in  fola  et  in  luna,  et  in  quinque  ilella  errans  qui  effi- 
cior in  ccelum  fmgulus  dies  et  nox  quis  in  iile  barba- 
ries  dubito  quin  is  fphsera  perficior  ratio  hie  autem 
dubito  de  mundus  ex  qui  et  orior  et  fio  omnis  eafiis 
ne  ipfe  fum  effectus  aut  neceffitas  aliquis  an  ratio  an 
mens'  divinus  et  Antimedes  arbitror  plus  valeo  in  imi~ 
tandus  fphaera  converico  quam  natura  in  eiSciendus, 


Mo  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

doubt  whether  the  univerfe,  which  is  the  origin  and 
caufe  of  every  thing,  is  produced  by  chance  or  necef- 
iity,  or  reafon  and  the  divine  mind,  and  can  think  that 
Antimedes  (hewed  greater  abilities  fn*imitating  the 
motions  of.  the  heavenly  bodies,  than  nature  in  fram- 
ing them. 

Nothing  little,,  or  common,  or  vulgar,  feems-  by  any 
means  worthy  of  admiration  and  praiie. 

As  folly,  although.it  has-  acquired  what  it  defired,  never 
thinks  it  has  obtained  enough,  fo  wifdom  is  always 
contented  with  what  is  at  hand. 

I  think  that  the  knowledge  of  futurity  would  by  no 
means  be  ufeful  to/us  ;  for  what  would  have  been 
Priam's  life,  if  J>C  had  known  from  his  youth  what 
things  he  lhoirlcl  have  fuifered  in  his  old  age  ? 

Your  iincere  affection  ihews  itfeif  in  every  part  of  that 
letter  which;  I  received  from  you  laft  ;  an  affection 
indeed  which  I  was  well  acquainted  with,  but  yet 
the  njfurance  of  it  was  very  agreeable  and  very  accep- 
table ;  I  would  fay  pleaiaiit,.  had  I  not  -forever  loll 
the  ufe  of  that  word, .  not  only  for  that  reafon  whieh 
you  fufpect,  and  for  which,  though  in  the  tendereli 
manner,  you  in  fad  feverely  biame  me,  but  alfo 
becaufe  there  are  no  remedies  at  hand  which  ought 
to  heal  fo  grievous  a  wound  :  for  what  fhall  I  do  I 
ftiall  I  take  refuge  in  my  friends  ?  Where,  alas !  are 
they  ?  We  had  once  indeed  many,  in  a  manner,  that 
were  common  to  us  both,  fome  of  whom  are  dead, 
•  others,  I  know  not  how,  grown  hard-hearted.  I 
might  indeed  live  with  you,  and  I  greatly  wifh  it ; 
our  time  of  life,  our  affection,  our  hab'ts,  our  ftudies3 
are  the  fame  :  what  obilacle,  then,  what  circumilance, 
prevents  our  union  ? 

Ke  is  weak,  from  the  infirmity  of  his  head. 

No  action  of  theirs  can  be  ufeful,  while  it  is  diftained 
with.fo  many  crimes.. 

A  few  perfons,  and  indeed  a  very  few,  eminent  for  their 
honour  and. dignity,  can  either  eafily  corrupt  or  cor- 
rect the  morals  of  the  ftate., 

Philofophy  is  content  with  few  judges,  avoiding  the 
multitude  on  purpoie. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  141 


Neque  res  parvus,  neque  ufitatus,  neque  vulgaris  admi- 

ratio  aut  omnino  laus  dignus  videor  foleo. 
Ut  ttultitia  etfi  adipifcor  qui   concupifco  nunquam   fui 

tamen    fatis   confequor   puto  lie  iapientia  femper   is 

contentus  fum  qui  adlum. 
Ego  ne  utilis  arbitror  fum  ego  futurus  res  fcientia  qui 

enim   vita    Priamus    fum  ii  ab  adclefccntia   fcio   qui 

eventus  ienectus  fum  habiturus. 

Omnis  amor  tuus  ex  omnis  pars  fui  oftendo  in  is  literae 
qui  a  tu  proxime  accipio,  non  ille  quidem  ego  iguotus 
fed  tamen  gratus  et  optatus  dico  jucundus  niii  is  ver- 
bum  in  omnis  tempus  perdo  neque  ob  is  unus  caufa 
qui  tu  fufpicor  et  in  qui  ego  leniffimui  et  am  ant  i  dim  us 
verbum  utens  res  graviter  accufo  fed  quod  ille  tantus 
vulnus  qui  remedium  fum  debeo  is  nullus  fum  quis 
enim  ad  amicus  ne  confugio  quam  multus  fum  habeo 
enim  fere  communis,  qui  alius  occido  alius  nefcio  quis 
pa&um  obdurio  tu  cum  vivo  poflum  equidem,  et 
maxime  volo  vetuftas  amor  confuetudo  ftudium  pars 
qui  vinculum,  qui  res  defum  noiler  conjunctio. 


Debilis  innrmus  caput. 

Nullus  is  factum  poflum  utilis  -fum  cum  fum  tot  vitium 

inquinatus. 
Pauci  atque  admodum  pauci  honor  et  gloria  amplifko 

vel  corrumpo  mos  civitas  vel  corrigo  pcifum. 

Philofophia  pauci  contentus  judex  multitudo  confulto 
fufrio. 


I4J  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

There  is  nothing  more  laudable,  nothing  more  worthy 
a  great  and  illuftriouS  perion,  than  mildnefs  and  cle- 
mency. 

The  Campanians  are  always  proud  of  the  goodnefs  of 
their  foil  and  produce,  the  extent,  the  wholeibmenefs, 
the  phi»,  the  beauty,  of  their  city. 

Servius,  as  I  wrote  to  you  before,  when  he  arrived  on 
the  nones  of  May,  came  to  me  the  day  after :  Not  to 
detain  you  too  long,  I  never  faw  a  man  more  confut- 
ed through  fear. 

The  poets  introduce  the  gods  inflamed  with  anger,  and 
raging  with  luit. 

He  was  always  of  a  weak,  and  indeed  bad,  habit  of 
body. 

As  men  ill  of  fome  dangerous  diftemper,  and  toiling  with 
a  burning  fever,  if  they  drink  cold  water,  at  firft  feem 
to  be  relieved,  but  afterwards  are  much  more  grie- 
vouily  and  vehemently  afflicted,  fo  this  difeafe  which 
is  in  the  ftate,  being  relieved  with  his  punifhment, 
will  grow  very  far  worfe,  if  the  reft  are  permitted  to 
live. 

When  Epaminondas  had  conquered  the  Lacedaemonians 
at  Mantinea,  and  at  the  fame  time  faw  himfelf  dying 
with  a  mortal  wound,  as  foon  as  he  perceived  it,  he 
inquired  if  his  fhield  was^fafe:  when  bis  weeping 
friends  replied  that  it  was,  he  afked  If  the  enemy  was 
routed  :  when  he  heard  that  this  alfo  was  as  he  wi fil- 
ed, he  ordered  the  fpear  to  be  drawn  out  that  had 
pierced  him  :  thus,  with  a  proiufion  of  blood,  he  died 
in  the  midft  of  happinefs  and  victory. . 

You  can  perceive,  from  the  letters  of  Brutus,  his  excel- 
lent diipofition,  worthy  both  himfelf  and ,  his  ancef- 
tors. 

I  have  admitted  Nivmcrtius  with  great  pleafure  into  my  \ 
rrienufkip,  and  know  the  man  to  be  fteady,  prudent, 
and  worthy  of  your  recommendation. 

Relying  upon  your  politenefs,  I  will  give  you  that  ad^v 
which  fhall  fecm  to  me  the  belt.,  upon  that  affair 
mentioned  to  me. 

Btut  indeed  we  both  accufe,  and  hold  thofe  worthy  of  t! 
bigheft  contempt,  who,  being  foftened  and  corruptee! 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  *43 

Nihil  laudabilis  nihil  magnus  et  prxclarus  vir  dignus 
placabilitas  atque  dementia. 

Campanus  fcmper  fuperbus  bonitas  ager  ct  frifcftus  mag- 
niludo  urbs  ialubritas  defcriptio  puichriuuto. 

Servius  ut  antea  fcribo  cum  verio  nonae  Maius  poftri- 
die  ad  ego  venio  ne  diuturne  tu  teneo  nunquam  vi- 
deo homo  perturbatus  melus. 

Pocta  et  ira  inflammo  et  libido,  furens  ind.uco  Deui. 

•  Is  Temper  inilrmus  atquc  etiam  ;i.ge:  \aletudo  fum. 

vUt  homo.xger  morbus  gravis  cum  ieftus  febrifque  jac- 
ta.fi  aqua  gelidus  bibo  prim©  relcvo .  videor  deinde 
inuko  gravis  vehementerque  affli&o  lie  hie  morbuv 
qui  fum  irTres-publica  relevatus  iflc  pceaa  virus  re- 
liquus  ingraveico. 


uCpaminondas  cum  vincc  Lacedamionius  apud  Manti- 
nea  ilmulque  ipie  gravis  vulnus  exanimo  fui  video  ut 
primum  defpicio  quarro  falvus  ne  fum  clipeus,  cum 
falvus  fum  flens  iuus  refpondeo  rogo  fum  ne  turns  hof- 
tis  cumque  is  quoque  ut  cupio  audio  evejlo  jubeo  b 
qui  fum  transfix  us  hafta  ita  multus  fanguis  .profufus 
fin  laetitiajjj  in  victoria  fum  mortuus.      J0& 


Animus  is  egregius  dignufque  et  ipfe  et  majores   is  ei 
Brutus  literal  perfpicio  poiium. 

Jtfumertius  libenter  accipio  in  amicitia  et  homo  gravis  et 
prudens  et  dignus  tuus  commendatio  cognofto. 

Fretus  tuus  humanitas  qui  verus  ego  videor  de  is  qui  ad 
-ego  fcribo  tu  coniilium  do. 

At  vgro  is  et  accufo  et  jtiftus  odium  dignus  duco  qui 
blanditi?:  prxieas  voluptaa  delinitus  atque  corruptus 


144  AN  INTRODUCTION   TO 

by  the  blandifhments  of  pleafure,  blinded  by  their 
pailions,  do  not  forefee  the  pain,  the  trouble,  they  are 
to  meet  with. 

As  feniible  old  men  are  pleafed  with  young  perfons  who 
are  bleit  with  a  happy  difpofition,  fo  theie  are  happy 
in  the  advice  of  their  feniors,  by  which  they  are  train- 
ed to  the  ftudy  of  virtue. 

Relying  on  your  fidelity  and  wifdom,  I  have  taken  up 
a  greater  burthen  than  I  am  able  to  fupport. 

L.  Suetius,  a  wife  man,  bleft  with  every  accomplifh- 
rnent,  being  fworn,  declared  before  you,  that  many 
Roman  citizens  were  by  violence  moft  cruelly  put  to 
death  by  his  command. 

If  neceifary,  I  myfelf  will  mention,  withreferve,  in  what 
manner  I  became  worthy  of  yGur  higheft  honours, 
and  your  favourable  opinion. 

Do  we  not  think  that  many  deferve  fome  cenfure,  who 
feem  by  any  motion  or  polition  to  defpife  the  law  and 
the  cuftom  of  nature  f 

Lucullus,  blefb  with  inch  a  genius,  added  alfo  that  prac- 
tice which  Themiitocles  deipiied. 

When  we  fee  thoie  places  which  we  have  heard,  men 
worthy  of  remembrance  have  frequented,  we  are  more 
arreted  than  either  when  we  hear  of  their  actions,  or 
read  their  .works. 

Indeed  I  have  always  med  my  utmoil  endeavours,  in 
the  firft  place,  that  I  might  be  worthy  of  honour  ;  in 
the  fecond,  that  I  might  be  thought  fo  ;  my  third  ob- 
ject has  been,  what  witji  moit  men  is  the  firft  ;  the 
honour  itfelf. 

Xerxes,  enjoying  .to  the  full  every  advantage,  and  every 
gift  of  fortune,  not  content  with  his  horie,  his  foot, 
the  number  of  his  mips,  and  the  infinite  weight  of  his 
gold,  propofed  a  reward  to  him  who  mould  invent  21 
new  pleafure. 

He  was  a  wife  man,  and  poffefled  of  the  fame  authority 
and  power  as  you  are. 

Your  mind  was  never  content  with  the  narrow  path 
which  nature  has  given  us  to  live  in ;  it  ever  burnt 
with  a  love  of  immortality  ;  nor  is  this  to  be  called 
your  liie,  which  is  bounded  by  your  mortal  pari,  and 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN,  145 

^ui  dolor  qui  moleflia  exceptants  fum  occcatus  cupi* 
do  non  provide 0.  ,x  c  ^r  a  ^'J 

Ut  adolefcens  bonus  indoles  praeditus  fapiens  fenex  dc- 
le#or,  fie  adolefcens  fenex  praeceptum  gaudeo  qui  ad* 
vertus  ftudium  duco. 

Fides  que  fapientia  vefter  fretus  plus  onus  tollo  quarn 

fero  ego  poffum^wrtriligfl.» 
L.  Suetius  homo  omnis  ornamentum  praeditus  juratus 

apud  tu  dico  multus  civis   Romanus  ifte  imperiurn 

crudeliterper  vis  mors  fum  multatus. 

Quare  dignus  vefter  fummus  honor  fmgularifque  judici- 
um funvipfe  modice  dico  fi  neceffe  fum* 

Non  ne  odium  dignus  multus  puto  qui  quidam  motus 
aut  flatus  vjdeor  natura  lex  et  modus  eontemno. 

Talis  ingenium  praeditus  Lucullus  adjungo  etiam  qui 
Themiftocles  fperno  difciplina- 

Cum  is  locus  vicftoja  qui  memoria  dignus  vir  accipio 
multum  fum  verfatus  jmagis  moveo  quam  fi  quando 
is  ipfe  aut  fa#um  audio  aut  fcriptus  aliquis  lego. 

Equidem  primum  ut  honor  dignus  fum  maxime  Temper 
laboro  fecundo  ut  exiftimo  tertium  ego  fum  qui  plc- 
rifque  .primus  (urn  ipfe,  honor. 


Xerxes  refertus  omnis  premium  donumquefoi  tuna  non 
equitatus  non  pedeftris  copiae  non  navis  multitudo  non 
infinitus  pondus  aurum  contentus  praemium  propono 
<mi  novus  irwrenio  voluptas. 

Homo  fapiens  furn  et  ifte  authoritas  et  poteftas  praedi- 
tus qui  tu  fum. 

Tuus  ifte  animus  nunquam  hie  anguftiae  qui  natura  ego 
ad  vivo  do'contentus  fum,  femper  immortalitas  amor 
ikgrans  nee  vero  hie  tuus  vita  dicendus  fum  qui  cor- 
pus et  fpiritus  contineo  ille  ille  inquaia  vita. fum  tuus 
O 


i46  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

ypur  breath ;  that,  that  I  fay,  Caefar,  is  your  life, 
which  will  live  in  the  memory  of  the  lateft  ages, 
which  pofterity  will  fofter,  which  eternity  itfelf  will 
ever  protect.' 

The  man  who  knows  himfelf,  will  believe  he  has  within 
him  fomething  divine,  and  will,  always  both  think  arid 
act  in  a  manner  worthy  of  lb  great  a  gift  of  the  gods  ; 
and  when  he  looks  into  and  thoroughly  examines 
himfelf,  he  will  perceive  with  what  abilities  nature 
has  fumifhed  him  to  come  into  life,  and  what  means 
are  in  his  porTerTion  to  obtain  and  procure  wffdom... 

He  fays  that  that  man  alone  .in  this  Hate  is  worthy  j  of 
this  command. 

He  feemed  to  be  ferious  without  arrogance,  and  diffident 
'without  indolence. 

You  ought  to  love  me,  not  my  fortune,  if  we  are  to  be 
!  true  friends. 

This  city  was  formerly  {o  flrong  and  powerful,  that  it 
could  fupport  the  negligence  of  the  fenate,  or  even 
the  injuries  of  its  citizens  ;  now  it  cannot.        , 

Thofe  who  deiire  the  valuable  applaufe  of  good  men, 
which  alone  can  be  called  true  glory,  ought  to  .en* 
deayour  after  eafe  and  pleafure  for  others,  not' for 
themlelves.  j. : 

No  one  defpifes,  or  hates,  or  avoids,  pleafure  itfelf,  be* 
cauie  it  is  pleafure,  but  becaufe  great  pains  attend 
thofe  who  cannot  follow  pleafure  with  reaibn. 

In  children,  as  in  a  glafs,  nature  is  reflected.  How  ear- 
ner! are  their  difputes.with  each  other !  how  are  they 
tranfported  with  joy,  when  they  are  victorious !  how 
are  they  afhamed  to  be  conquered, J  how  unwilling  are 
they  to  be  blamed!  how-eager  are  they  to  be  praifed  ! 
what  pains  will  they  not  take  tG  be  at  the  head^  of 
their  equals  !  how  well  -they  remember  thofe  who  ufe 
them  kindly !  how  defirous  are  they  of  returning  a 
.  favour!  and  thefe  feelings  appear  the  - -ftrongeft  in 
thofe  of  the  beft  difpofitions. 

The  power  of  conference  is  great. 

He  indeed  is  a  friend,  who  is  as  another  felf. 

The  Whale  fubjecti  fcerrfin  a  manner  to  have  been  Hif- 
cuffed,  A 


THE  MAKING  OF.  LATIN.  fctff 

Csefar  qui  vigeo  memoria  feculum  omnis  qui  pgrffteri- 
tas  al^p  qui  ipfe  «ternitas  femper  tueor.        <y  ii> 

Qui- fui  ipfe  nofco  aliquis  fui  habeo  fentio  diyinus  tan- 
>iUfidJ  tufque  man  us  deus  femper  dignu's  aliquis  et  facio  et 
fentio  et  cum  fui  ipfe  perfpicio  totufque  tento  intel- 
ligo  quemadmodum  a  natura  fubornatus  in  vita  ve- 
nio  quant ufq i:e  inltrumentum  habeo  ad  obtinendum 
aJipifcendumque  fapientia»  ^ 

Hie  unus  fum  in  hie  ci  vitas  dignum  hie   imperium  di- 

cit. 
Sine  arrogantia  gravis  fum  videor  et  fine  fegnities  vere- 

cundus. 
Egd  ipfe  amo  oportet  non  meus  fi  verus  amicus  fum. 

Sum  quondam  ita  firmus  hie  civitas  et  valens  ut  negli- 

gentia  fenatus  vel  etiam  injuria  civis  fero  poflum  jam 

non  poilum. 
Qui  bonus  fama  bonus   qui  folus  vere  gloria  nominor 

poffum  expeto  alius  otium   qusero  debeo  et  voluptas 

non  fui. 

Nemo  ipfe  voluptas  quia  voluptas  fum  afpernor  aut  odi 
aut  fugio  fed  quia  confequor  magnus  dolor  is  qui  ra- 
tio voluptas  iequor  nefcio, 
.In  puer  ut  in  fpeculum  natura  cenio.qnantus  ftudiuiu 
decertans  fum  ut  ille  effero  lsetitia  cum  vinco  ut  pu- 
det  viftus  ut  fui  accufo  nolo  quam  cupio  laudo  qui 
ille  labor  non  perfcro  ut  equalis  princepsfum  qui  me- 
moria fum  in  hie  bene/t^merens  qui  referendus  gra- 
tia cupiditas  atque  is  in  optimus  quifque  indoles  max- 
ime /atque  puret.  a/i/.&re  * 


Magnu^.yis  fum^onfeientia. 

Is  fum  amicus  quidem  qui  tanquam  alter  idem. 

"lotus  fere  quseftio  traclo  videor. 


14«  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO' 

Cluentius,  the  father  of  this  perfon,  was  generally  £on*- 
fidered  as  the  principal  man,  not  only  of  the  city  to 
which  he  belonged,  but  alfo  of  the  neighbouring  coun- 
try,  for  his  virtue,  reputation,  and  rank. 

While  Archimedes  attentively  drew  fome  figures  on  tht 
duft,  he  did  not  perceive  that  his  country  was  taken. 

Let  war  be  fo  entered  upon  that  nothing  elfe  but  peace 
may  feem  to  be  fought  for. 

I  will  not  only  fay  in  this  place»  where  it  is  very  eafy  to 
be  faid,  but  even  in  the  fenate,  that  I  will  be  a  popu- 
lar conful. 

Is  there  any  thing,  my  Cicero,  which  1  wiflx  more  than 
to  have  you  a  complete  fcholar  ? 

True  wifdom  and  greatnefs  of  mind  deem  that  honour- 
able which  is  founded  on  action,  not  on  fame,  and  had 
rather  be  than  appear  great* 

Indeed  I  am  very  happy  that  I  am  one  on  whom,  when 
you  wifh  to  do  it,  you  can  throw  no  reproach  but 
what  equally  falls'  on  the  greateft  part  of  the  citizens. 

I  very  much  defire  to  know  from  you,  why  thofe  who 
came  out  of  the  municipal  towns  feem  to  you  to  be 
ftrangers. 

As  a  field,  though  fertile,  cannot  be  fruitful  without 
culture,  fo  cannot  the  mind  without  learning  ;  for,  in 
both  cafes,  the  one  without  the  other  is  infufEcient ; 
but  the  culture  of  the  mind  is  philofophy. 

All  good  men  refpect  equity  and  juftice  on  their  own 
account;  hot  is  it  confident  with  the  character  of  a 
good  man  to  love  that  whicn  is  not  lovely  in  itfelf. 

It  is  the  duty  of  a  young  man  to  revere  his  feniors,  and 
to  felecl  the  bed  and  mod  efteemed  of  them,  on  whofe 
advice  and  authority  he  may  depend  ;  for  the  inexpe- 
rience of  early  youth  fhould  be  fixed  and  governed  by 
the  experience  of  age. 

His  induftry  was  various,  his  labour  great* 

To  determine  what  a  wife  man  is,  feems  the  £art  of  even 
a  very  wife  man. 

It  is  the  duty  of  a  good  conful  not  only  to  fee  what  is 
doing,  but  alfo  to  forefee  what  may  happen. 

It  is  the  bufmefs  of  a  keen  difputant,  to  difcern  not  only 
what  every  one  may  fay,  but  what  it  is  poffible  for 
him  to  fay» 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  149 

Cluentius  habeor  pater  hie  homo  non  folum  municipium  • 

ex  qui  fum  led  etiam  regio  ille  et  vicinitas  virtus  erif-  ^<xcj 

timatio  nobilitas  facile  princeps. 

Dum  Archimedes  in  pulvis  qnidam  defcribo  attentus  nc 

patria  quidem  captus  fum  ientio. 
Beilum  ita  fufcipid  ut  nihil  alius  nifi  pax  quaefitus  vidc- 

or. 
Ego  non  folum  hie  in  locus  dico  ubi  fum  in  dico  facilis 

fed  in  ipfe  fenatus  popularis  ego  fum  confuL 

An  fum  meus  Cicero   qui  ego  malo  quam  tu  doclus 

fum  ? 
Verus  autem  et  Fapieris  animus  magnitudo  honeflus  ilia 

qui  in  factum  pom  non  in  gloria  judico  princepfque 

fui  fum  malo  quam  vide  or.. 
Equidem   vehementer  laet'or  is  fum  ego  in   qui   tu  cum 

cupio    nullus    centum  elia  jacio  poffum   qui  non    ad 

magnus  pars  civis  convenio. 
Scio  ex  tu  pervolo  quamobrem  qui  ex  municipium  venio 

peregrinus  tu.  fum  videor»  ( 

Ut  ager  quam  vis  fertilis  fine  cultura  frucluofus  fum* 
non  poifum  lie  fine  doctrina  animus  ita  fum  uterque 
res  unus  line  alter  debilis  cultura  autem  animus  phi- 
loibphia  fum. 

Omnis  vir  bonus  fpfi  equitates  et  jus  ipfe  amo  nee  fum-e 
vir  bonus  diiigo  qui  per  fui  non  fum  diligendus. 

Sum  adolefcens  in  aj  ores  natu  vereorex  hie  que  eligo  bo- 
nus et  probatus  qui  confilium  atque   authoritas  nitor 
MtoiJ    imieiis  enim  setas  infeitia  feneX   conftkuendus^et  re- 
gendus  prudentia  fum.  ^  '  •*' 

Multiis  induftria  et  magnus  labor  fum. 

Statuo  quis  fum  fapiens  vel  maxime  videor  fum  fapiens. 

Sum   bonus  conful  non  folum  video   quis  ago  verum 

etiam  pro  video  quis  futurus  fum. 
Acute  difputans  ille  fum  non  quis  quifque  dico  fed  quis 

tjuifque  dicendus  fum  video. 
O  2 


i;o  AN  INTRODUCTION   TO 

It  is  the  criterion  of  a  complete  orator,  to  fcem  a  com- 
plete orator  to  the  people. 

It  is  not  the  character  of  a  man,  leaft  of  all  of  a  Roman* 
to  hefitate  to  give  to  his  country  that  life  which  he 
owes  to  nature. 

It  is  the  part  of  a  wife  man  to  refolve  beforehand  to 
bear  with  temper  whatfoever  may  happen  to  man, 
fhould  it  take  place. 

I  deny  that  it  is  his  bufinefs,  who  makes  pain  the  ftan- 
dard  of  the  greatefl  evil,  ever  to  make  mention  of  vh> 
tue. 

It  is  becoming  your  wifdom  and  greatnefs  of  mind  to 
regard  all  your  honour  and  dignity  as  founded  oa 
your  virtue.  _ 

It  particularly  belongs  to  the  wifdom  of  the  fenate,  to 
exprefs  a  grateful  fenfe  of  their  valour  who  facrificed 
their  lives  for  their  country. 

It  is  a  mark  of  a  firm  mind,  and  great  constancy,  fo  to 
hear  thole  things  which  feem  difpleafmg,  as  in  nothing 
to  depart  from  the  ftate  of  nature,  and  th*  dignity  of 
a  wile  man. 

It  is  agreed  upon  by  al1  men,,  as  well  learned  as  un- 
learned, that  it  is  the  part  of  brave,  magnanimous  and 
patient  men,  to  fubmit  to  pain  with  moderation. 

It  is  the  character  of  a  great  genius,  to  penetrate  into 
futurity  by  .reflection,  and  fomething  beforehand  to 
form  a  judgment  of  what  may  happen  on  either  fide, 
and  what  is  to  be  done  when  the  event  takes  place  ;  and . 
never  to  act  .fo  as  to  have  occanon  to  fay,  I  could  not 
have  thought  it. 

No  one,  C<eiar,  has  fuch  a  flow  of  genius,  fuch  ftrengtlv 
fuch  power  of  language,  as  can,  I  fay  not  illuftrate, 
but  relate,  your  actions. 
There  is  nothing  fo  much  the  mark  of  a  narrow  and 
little  mind,  as  to  love  money  ;  nothing  is  more  gene- 
rous'and  magnificent  than  to  defpife  it  if  you  have  it 
.nor,  and  if  you  have  it,  to  bellow  it  in  beneficence  and 
libefaifty. 
As  it  is  to  be  fuppofed  that  Athens  and  Lacedaemon 
were  built  for  the  Athenians  and  Lacedaemonians, 
and  all  the  things  which  are  in  thofe  cities  are  rightly 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  151 

Is  ipfe  fum  fummus  orator  fummus   orator  populus  vi- 

deor. 
Non  fum  vir  parveque  Romanus  dubito  is  fpiritus  qui 

natura  dcbeo  patria  reddo*  /    '/i." 

Sum  iapiens  quifquis  homo  accidb  pofTiim  is  prxmcdi- 
tor  fcrendus  modice  furm 

Nego  is  fum  qui  dolor  fummus  malus  metior  mentio 
tacio  virtus. 

Tuus  fapientia  magnitudoque  animus  fum  omnis  am- 
plitude et  dignitas  tuus  in  virtus  tuus-  pofitus  cxilli- 
mo. 

Proprius  fenatus  fapiens  fdm  gratus  is  virtus  memcria 
profequor  qui  pro-  patria  vita  prof  undo. 

Is  qui  video  acerbus  ita  fero  ut  nihil  a  ftatus  natura  dif- 
cedo  nihil  a  dignitas  iapiens  rohuilus  animus  ium 
magnufque  conftautia^. 

Inter  omnis  hoc  confto  nee  doclus  homo  folum  fed 
etiam  indoclus  vir  fum  fortiset  magnanimus  et  patieas 
toleranter  dolor  pat#ioi\ 

Ingenium .  magnus*  jfum  -prceeipio.  cogitatio  futnrus-  et 
aliquanto  ante  cenftttuo  quis  accido  poffum  in  uter- 
que  pars,  et  quis  ago  cum  quis  evenio.nec  committc 
aliquis  ut  aliquando  dioendus  fum  nonputo.  . 

Nullus  tantus  fum  mimen  ingenium  nullus  dico  ant 
fcribo  tantus  vis-  tantus  copia,  qui  non,  dico  exorno 
f^d  enarro  Caefar  res  tuus»  gero  potfurru  &i>  ivro  tn#& 

Nih^l  fum  tarn  anguftus  animus  tamque  parvus  quam 
amo  divitias  nihil  honeilus  magnificufque  quam  pc- 
cunia  contemno  fi  non  habeo  fi  habeo,  ad  bencficen- 
tia  liberalitafque  confero. 

Ut  Athene  et  Lacedsemon  Athenienfis  Lacedaemo- 
niufque  caufa  putandus  fum  condo  omnis  que  qui 
fum  in  hie  urbs  is  populus  recte  fum  dico  fie  qukuiv» 


Igf  'AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

faid  to  belong  to  thofe  inhabitants,  fo  it  is  to  be  fup- 
poied,  that  whatfoever  things  there  are  in  the  whole 
world  belong  to  men. 

Common  underflanding  makes  things  known  to  us,  and 
that  has  informed  our  minds,  that  the  honourable  is 
founded  in  virtue,  the  fhameful  in  vice  ;.  and  to  think 
thefe  things  owing  to  fancy,  and  not  to  nature,  is  the 
character  of  the  truly  mad  ;  for  what  is  called  the  vir- 
tue of  a,  tree,  or  a  horfe,  though  we  there  make  an 
improper  ufe  of  the  word,  depends  not  on  fancy,  but 
nature  ;  and  if  it  is  fo,  the  honourable  and  the  fiiame- 
1 \il  are  to  be  determined  by  nature. 

As  to  your  inviting  me  back  to  my  ancient  mode  of  life* 
it  was  indeed  once  my  duty  to  take  the  lead  in  public 
affairs,  which  I  did  ;  but  then  there  was  where  I  could 
repofe  myfelf,  but  now  I  plainly  cannot  fubmit  to  fuch 
a  courfe  of  living,  or  fuch  a  life  £  nor  in  this  particular 
do  I  think  it  my  bufinefi  to  attend  to  other  men's 
opinions  of  me  ;  my  own  confeience  is  of  more  value 
to  me  than  the  talk  of  all  mankind. 

How  highly  do  you  fuppcfe  I  value  what  is  wrote  in 
your  letter  ? 

If  I  knew  what  you  valued  this  at,  I  could  know  what 
pains  I  ought  to  take  about  it. 

The  cemmen  people  eilimate  few  tilings  according  to 
their  real  value,  many  according *to  opinion. 

Which  fliall  we  value  meft,  the  money  which  Pyrrhus 
offered  Fabricius,  or  the  felf-command  of  Fabricius, 
who  refufed  it  ? 

Who  then  can  doubt  ( if  efvery  one  is  to  be  looked  upon 
as  richeft,  who  pofTefTes  what  is  of  molt  value)  that 
riches  arife  from  virtue,  fmce  no  poffeilion,  no  weight 
of  money,  is  to  be  eileemed  of  more  value  than  virtue  ? 

They  valued  the  Tufculan  villa  at  five  hundred  thou- 
fand  feiterces,  the  Formian  eirate  at  two  hundred  and 
fifty  thoufand. 

There  was  one  Rubrius  his  companion  ;  he  informed 
him  that  there  was  a  daughter  of  Philodamus,  wiio 
lived  with  her  father  becaufe  foe  was  unmarried,  who 
was  eiteemed  a  woman  of  fmgular  beauty,  but  of  the 
higheft  honour  and  character. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  153 

que  fum  in  omnis  mundus  homo  putandus  furn* 


Communis  iritelligeritia  ego  notus  res  errlcio  ifque  in 
animus  notter  incoho^ut  honeftus  in  virtus  pono  in 
vitium  turpis  hie  autem  in  opinio  exiftimo  non  in 
natura  pofitus  vere  demens  fum  nam  nee  arbor  nee 
equus  virtus  qui  dico  in  qui  abutor  nomen  in  opinio 
imo  fed  in  natura  quod  ii  ita  fum  honeftus  quoque 
et  turpis  natura  dijudicandus  fum, 


Qui  ego  ad  metis  confuetudo  revoco  fum  mens  quidem 
jampridem  res-publica  rego  qui  facio  fed  interea  fum 
ubi  acquiefco  nunc  plane  nee  ego  viclus  nee  vita 
ille  colo  poifum  nee  in  is  res  quis  alius  videor  ego 
puto  curandus  ego  meus  confeientia  plus  fum  quu-m 
omnis  fermo. 


Quantus   ille   ego  eftirrro  puto  qui  fum  js/tuus  literafe 

fcriptus. 
Hoc  fi  quantus  tu  eftimo  fcio  turn  quis  ego  elaborandus 

fum  fcio  poffum. 
Vulgus  ex  Veritas  pattci  ex  opinio  multus  xftimo* 

Utrum  plus  asftimo  pecunia  Pyrrhus  qui  Fabricius  do  an 
eontinentia  Fabricius  qui  ille  pecunia  repudio. 

Quis  igitur  (fequidem  ut  quifque  qui  plurimus  fum 
poffideo  ita  ditiffimus  habendus  fum)  dubito  quin  in 
virtus    divitias  pono   quoniam  nullus  pofieflio  nullus 

*   vis  aurum  plus  quam  virtus  osilimandus  fum. 

Tufculanus  villa  quingenti  millia,  Formianus  feitertium 
ducenti  quinquaginta  millia  aeftimo. 

Sum  comes  is  Rubrius  quidam,  is  ad  is  defero  Philoda- 
mus  fum  filia  qui  cum  pater  habito  propterea  quod 
vir  non  habeo  mulier  eximius  pulchritud'o  l\d  is  fum- 
mus  integritas  pudiciaque  asftimo. 


rj4  "  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

Pofthumus,  concerning  whom  the  fenate  particularly' 
came  to  a  refolution  that  he  mould  directly  go  into- 
Sicily  and  fucceed  Furfanus,  refutes  to  go  without 
Cato,  and  rates  his  own  power  and  influence  in  the  fe- 
nate very  high. 

If  a  freedman  of  Lentulus  or  Gellius  had  caufed  any 
one  to  be  condemned  for  theft,  that  perfon  would 
have  loft  all  his  reputation;  nor  would  ever  have  re- 
covered any  part  of  his  character  j  but  the  men  whom1 
Gellius  and  Lentulus  themfelves,  both  cenfors,  and  of 
the  higheft  estimation  and  wifdomj  have  noted  for 
theft  and  bribery,  not  only  appear  again  iir  the  fenate, 
but  are  acquitted  in  court  of  the.fe  very  crimes. 

You  blame  me  without  reafon  about  fending  the  letters, 
for  Pomponia  never  informed  me  who  I  mould  deli- 
ver them  to  s  and  befides,  I  did  nouhappen  to  have 
any  one  going  to  Epirus,  nor  did  I  know  then  that 
you  were  at  Athens. 

Caelius  would  never  have  been  fo  mad  as  to  accufe  an- 
other of  bribery,  if  he  had  difgraced  himfelfwith  that 
crime  to  fuch  an  immenfe  degree. 

Though  you  had  ungratefully  and  impioufly  difclaimed 

the  name  of  friendfhip,  yet  you  might  have  conducted 

your  enmity  as    is  ufual  with  mankind,    not  purfued 

him    with  fictious  accufations,    not  aimed  at   his  life, 

*mot  charged  him  with  capital  crimes. 

Nothing  more  conduces  to  the  fafety  of  the  ftate,  than 

'  that  thofe  who  accufe  others  mould  not  be  in  lefs  fear 
for  their  lives  and  fortunes,  than  thofe  who  are  ac- 
cufed   fear  for  both. 

We  pity  thofe  more  who  requeft  not .  our  companion, 
than  thofe  who  ftrongly  folic  it  it. 

No  one,  Dolabella,  can  now  pity  either  you  or  your 
children,  whom  you  have  left  in  want  and  folitude. 

It  is  peculiar  to  folly  to  difcern  the  faults  of  others,  and* 

to  forget  her  own. 
If  you  pay  no  credit  to  Gabinius's  defence,  do  you  for» 

get  your  own  accufation  1 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.         155 

Fofthumus  de  qui  nominatirn  fenatus  decerno  ut  flatim 
in  Sicilia  eo  Furfanufque  fuccedo  nego  fui  eo  fine  Ca- 
to  et  fuus  in  fcnatus  opera  auftoritafque  magnus  selti- 

mo, 

Si  quis  Lentulusaut  Gellius  libertus  furtum  condemno 
is  omnes  ornamentum  omt/Ius  nunquam  ullus  honef- 
tas  fuus  pars  recupero  qui  artitem  ipfe  Gellius  et  Len- 
tulus duo  Cenfor  clariflimus  vir  fapienfque  homo  fur- 
tum et  captus  pecunia  nomen  noto  is  non  modo  in 
fenatus  redio  fed  etiam  iille  pfe  res  judicium  abfolvor. 


De  litterae  miffio  fine  caufa  abs  turccufo  nunquam  enim 
a  Pomponia  nofter  certus  fum  faclus  fum  qui  litterae 
de  pofTum  porro  autem  neque  ego  accidd  ut  habeo 
qui  in  Epirus  proficifcor  neque  dum  tu  Athene  fum 
audio. 

Nunquam  tarn  (Melius  aniens  fum  ut  il  fui  ifle  infinitus 
ambitus  commaculo  ambitus  alter  accufo. 

Quamvis  ingrate  et  impie  neceflitudo  nomen  repudio 
tamen  inimicitia  homo  mos  gero  po/Tum  non  fingo 
crimen  in  fector  non  expeto  vita  non  caput  arc  e  fib. 


Nullus  falus.res-publica^magnus  fum  quam  is  qui  alter 
accufo  non  minus  de  caput  ac  fortuna  quam  ille  qui 
accufo  de  uterque  pertimeo. 

Is  ego    magis   miferet  qui   nofter  mifericordia   non  re- 

quiro  quam  qui  ille  efflagito, 
Nemo  jam  Dolabella  neque  tu  neque  tuus   liberi  qui  tu 

mifer   in  ejeflas    atque  in   folitudo  relinquo   miferior 

pofTum. 
Proprius  fum  iluldtia  alius  vitium  cerno  oblivifcor  fuust 

Si  defenfio  Gabinius  fides  non  habeo  oblivifcor  ne  etiam 
accufatio  tuus. 


RULES 

FOR    ADAPTING     THE 

ENGLISH  to  the  LATIN  IDIOM. 


JTbe  Engljjlj  juljlaniivt  may  he  font: times  turned  into  a  La: hi 
adjeQlve. 

,  IF  it  is  a  fault  to  fpeak  gracefully,  let  eloquence  be 
1     ever  banilhcd  from  the  itate. 

Si  vitiofum  eft  dicere  ornate,  ■  pcliitor  ornnino  e  civitatc 
eloqucntia. 

It  is  not,  however,  faid  whence  this  poifon  came,  nor 
how  it  was  prepared  ;  they  allcdge  that  it  was  given 
to  P.  Licinius,  a  young  man  of  virtue  and  nwdyly,  and 
the  friend  of  C  melius. 

8ed  tamen  venerium  unde  fuerit  quemadmodum  para- 
tnm  fit,  non  dieitirr  ;  datum  eife  hoc  aiunt  P.  Liciuio 
pvitJcnil  adolefcenti  et    bono,  Cxlii  fctniliark 

V  he  Ej.^lyh  fuljlo.  fit  rue  is  fometimii  rendered  into  Latin  ly  the 
verb  cr  participle  ;  eis, 

What  my  efforts  otfuccefi  maybe,  I  choofe  rather  to  leave 
to  the  imagination  of  others,  than  infmuute  by  ex- 
preffions  of  my  own. 

In  quo  ego  quid  eniri  aut  qiiid  efficere  pofTim  malo  in  ali- 
orum  fpe  relinquere,  quam  m  oratione  mca  ponere. 

For  when  by  reafon  of  the  adjournment  of  the  Comitia 
I  found  myfelf  thrice  chofen  firft  prator  by  all  the 
centuries,  it  was  eafy  for  me  from  thence  to  collect 
both  what  your  ftntimcnts  of  me  were,  and  what  quali- 
fication you  required  in  others. 

Nam  cum  propter  dilationem  comitiorum  ter  Praetor  pri- 
mis  centuriis  cunelis  renunciatus  fum,  facile  intellexi, 
Quirites,  et  quid  de  mcjudicaretis  et  quid  aliis  fr*/cri* 
beretis*  P 


i5S  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

Sub/iantives  may  be  rendered  by  participles  in  dus. 

We  are  next  to  treat  of  the  arrangement  of  our  words,  of 
the  art  of  numbering  and  meafuring  our  very  fylla- 
bles. 

De  verbis  componendis  et  de  fyllabis  dinumerandis  loquc- 

mur. 

There  was  lefs  reafon,  indeed,  for  grief  as  the  attempt 
did  not  fucceed,  but  certainly  not  at  all  the  lefs  for 
punfhment. 

Minus  dolendum  fuit  re  non  perfecla,  fed  puniendum  certe 
nihilo  minus. 

Schemes,  plans,  propofals,  and  other  Englijh  words  of  the 
like  import,  may  be  exprejjed  in  Latin  by  making  the  adjetlive 
with  which  they  agree  the  neuter  gender. 

All  the  fch ernes  that  have  been  in  agitation  for  three  years 
paft,  fmce  the  time  that  Cataline  and  Pifo  formed  the 
defign  of  mafTacring  the  fenate,  are  at  this  period  and 
feafon,  and  during  thefe  months,  ready  to  break  forth. 

Omnia  qua  per  hoc  trienniurn  agitata  funt  jam  ab  eotem* 
pore,  quo  a  Catalina  et  Pifone  initum  confilium  fe- 
natus  intcrficiendi,  fcitis  cP[q  in  hos  dies  in  hos  menfes 
in  hoc  tempus  erumpunt. 

The  fulflaniive  bufinefs  may  be  expreffed  in  Latin  by  making 
the  'verb  following  the  gerund  in  dum  with  the  verb  fum  ; 
as, 

Were  it  my  bufinefs  to  recount  here  the  exploits  of  our  ar- 
my and  .general,  1  might  give  a  detail  of  many  very 
confiderable  engagements  ;  but  that  is  not  the  point 
at  prefent. 

Ac  fi  nihil  nunc  de  rebus  geftis  effet  noftri  exercitus  im- 
peratorifque  dicendum,  plurima  et  maxima  praelia  com- 
memorare  pofium  ;  fed  non  id  agimus. 

The  Englijh  fubflantive  mark,  fgnifying  token  or  proof  may 
be  rendered  into  Latin  proprius,  in  the  neuter  gender,  with 
a  genitive  cafe. 


f HE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  159 

It  was  of  old,  it  was,  I  fay,  the  diflinguifhing  mark  of  the 
Roman  people,  to  make  war  upon  diftant  countries,  and 
employ  the  forces  of  the  empire,  not  in  defence  of 
their  own  habitations,  but  to  guard  the  properties  of 
their  allies. 

jftfcit  hoc  -quondam  fuit  hoc  ptoprium  populi  Romany  longe 
domo  bellare  et  propugnaculis  imperii  feciorum  for- 
fjnas  noil  fua  tefta  cbfendere. 

The  fulft arrive  neceffity  may  be  very  properly  rendered  by 
waking  the  Englifb  Infinitive  mood  or  participle  which  fol- 
lows it  by  the  Latin  participle  in  dus,  and  the  nominalrj: 
cafe  the  dative,  and  the  accufative  the  nominative  ;    as, 

If,  therefore,  /  am  under  a  neceffty  of  arraigning  any  one,  I 
dill  feem  to  act  agreeably  to  my  former  characcer, 
without  deviating  from  the  patronage  and  dzieatc  of 
mankind. 

Q^uamobrem  fi  fh'tki  arms  efl  accufandus,  propemodum  ma- 
nere  in  mtututo  meo  videar,  et  non  omnino  a  defen- 
dendis  hominibus  fublevandis  que  difcedere. 

The  Englifh  adjeilive  may  be  fometimes  rendered  into  Latin  by 
a  fulflaniive,  and  the  word  with  which  it  agrees  be  made 
the  genitive  cafe  ;    as, 

Ancient  friendfhip,  the  dignity  of  the  man,  common  hu- 
manity, and  my  conftant  practice  through  life,  jointly 
called  upon  me  to  defend  Rabinjus. 

Am\ciii<2  vetuflas,  dignitas  hominis,  mes  vitas  perpetua  con- 
fuetudo,  ad  Rabinium  defendendum  eft  adhortata. 

A  good  voice,  though  a  deferable  accomplifhment,  it  is 
not  in  our  power  to  acquire  ;  but  to  exercife  and  im- 
prove it  is  certainly  in  the  power  of  every  one. 

Ac  vocis  quidem  bonitas  optanda  eft ;  non  eft  enim  in  no- 
bis, fed  tractatio  atque  ufus  in  nobis. 

Adjeclives  may  he  fometimes  rendered  by  verbs* 

But,  left  it  mould  appear  ftrange,  that,  in  a  legal  pro- 
ceeding, and  a  public  caufe,  before  an  excellent  prse- 
tor,  the  moft  impartial  judges,  and  fo  crowded  au  af- 


i6o  Aft  INTRODUCTION  Ta 

fembly,  I  lay  afide  the  ufual  ftyle  of  trials,  and  intrd? 
duce  one  very  different  from  the  bar,  I  mult  beg  to 
be  indulged  in  this  liberty. 
Sed  ne  cui  vefrrum  mirum  eife  videatur,  me  in  queftione 
legitima  et  in  judicio  publico,  cum  res  agatur  apud 
prastorem  populi  Romani,  lectiifimum  virum,  et  apud* 
ieveriffimos  judices  tanto  conventu  hominum  ac  fre- 
quentia  hoc  uti  genere  dicendi,  quod  non  modo  a  con- 
fuetudine  judiciorum  verum  a  forenfi  fennone  abhar* 
/cat,  quaefo  a  vobis,-  ut  mihi  dads  hanc  veniam. 

There  are  two  arts  capable  of  placing  men  in  the  higher! 

degree  of  digniry — that  of  a  good  general,  and  that 

of  a  good  orator. 
Duacfunt  artes,  quae  poffunt  locare  homines  in  amplifiimo 

gradu  dignitatis — una  irnperatoris  altera  oratovis  boni. 

The  adjeftive  able,  with  the  infinitive  mood  after   it,   may  be 
rendered  into  Latin  by  the  participle  in  dus. 

For,  in  my  opinion  at  leaft,  there  are  three  things  which 
an  orator  Jhonld  be  able  to  effeS— to  inform  his  hearers, 
to  pleafe  them,  and  to  move  their  paiiions. 

Tria  funt  enim,  ut  quiderri  egd  fentio,  quae  ftnt  efficienda 
docendo — ut  doceatur  is,  apud  quern  dicetur,  ut  de- 
lectatur,  ut  moveatur  vehementius< 

7 he  adjeclive  ufual  may  be  cxprf/ed  in  Latin  by  eft,  and  the 
genitive  cafe  ofconfuetudo  after  it  ;  as, 

Al  chough  it  is  not  ufual  with  me,  Romans,  in  the  be- 
ginning of  my  pleading,  to  give  an  account  of  the 
reafons  that  induce  me  to  undertake  the  defence  of 
my  client. 

EtiVQuirites,  non  efl  me*  confuetudinis  initio  dicendi  ratio- 
ned reddere  qua  de  caufa  quemque  defendam. 

The  Engli/h  adjeclive  equal,  with  the  prepofition  to,  may  be 
rendered  into  Latin  by  tantus  and  quantus,  in  the  manner 
following ;    as, 

And  if  that  folcmn  addrefs  in  the  comitia,  confecrated 
by  confular  aufpices,  has  in  it  a  force  and  efficacy 
equal  to  the  dignity  of  tlfc«ftjte,'I  muft  likewife  be  un- 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  161 

derftood  to  have  prayed  that  the  fame  might  have 
been  a  happy,  jovial  and  profperous  event  to  thole 
perfons,  who  in  an  aiTembly  where  I  prefided  were 
chofen  into  the  confulfhip. 
Quod  fi  ilia  folennis  comitiorum  precatio,  confularibus 
aufpiciis  confecrata,  tan/am  habet  in  fe  vim  et  religio- 
nem  quantam  rcipublicae  dignitas  pertulit,  idem  ego 
fum  precatus  ut  eis  quoque  hominibus  quibus  hie  con- 
fulatus  me  rogante  datus  efiat  ea  res  fault  e  feliciter 
prorpereque  eveniret. 

Worth,   when  a  niun  adjjclive,  miy  be  rendered  by  inflar  go- 
virniag  a  genitive  cafs. 

That  one  day  *io&t  tujrth  an  immortality  to  me,  the  day 
of  my  return  to  my  country  ;  when  I  faw  the  fenate 
and  die  whole  Roman  people  come  forth  to  meet  me ; 
the  day  of  my  return  to  my  country,  when  Rome 
hcvxcii  fecraed  to  ipring  from  her  foundations  to  meet 
her  deliverer.  . 

Unas  ille  dies  mini  qui  Aim  immortalitatis  inflar  fecit,  quo 
in  palriam  redii  cum  fenatum  egreflum  vidi,  popu- 
lurnque  Romanum  univerfum ;  cum  mihi  ipfi  Roma 
prope  convulfa  iedibus  fuis  ad  complectandum  con- 
fervatorem  fuum  progredi  vifa  eft. 

AdjtBroes  ?nay  fometimes  he  rendered  by  adverbs. 

Our  orator  then  mould  be  qualified  to  make  a  juft  de- 
finition, though  not  in  fuch  a  clofe  and  contracted 
form  as  in  the- critical  debates  of  the  academy. 

Erit  igitur  hsec  facukas  in  eo  quern  volumus  effe  elo- 
cuentem,  ut  definire  rem  poflit,  neque  id  faciat  tarn 
f+ejje  et  angufle  quam  in  illis  eniditiHimis  difputati- 
onibus  fieri  folet. 

But  firfk  I  will  a!k  her  herfelf  whether  fhe  would  have 
me  deal  with  her  in  a  fevere,  fo/emn,  old-fajhioned  man- 
ner, or  in  ay?//,  gentle  and  courteous  one. 

Sed  tamen  ex  ipfa  quoeram  prius,  utrum  me  fecum fivcre 
et  graviter  et  prlfce  agere  malit,  an  remifle  et  levitcr  et 


P  2 


1 62  AN  INTRODUCTION    TO 

The  pronoun  perfonal  may  be    rendered  by  the  pronoun  fub- 
jianiive* 

Though  Coefar  had  never  been  my  friend,  but  had  al- 
ways ihewn  a  difmclination  to  me  ;  though  he  had 
flighted  my  friendfhip,  and  acted  the  part  of  an  im- 
placable enemy  towards  me ;  yet,  after  the  great 
things  he  has  done,  and  ftill  continues  to  do,  I  could 
not  help  loving  him. 

Si  mihi  nunquam  amicus  Caefar  fuiifet  fed  femper  i  rat  us, 
fi  afpernaretur  amicitiam  meam  feque  mihi  implaca- 
bilem  inexplicabilemque  praberet,  tamen  ei  cum  tantas 
res  geiflffet  gereretque  quotidie,.  non  amicus  eiie  non 
polfem. 

He  and  fhe  may  fometlmes  be  rendered  by  qui  and  quae. 

Ennius  1  allow  was  a  more  fmifhed  writer,  but  if  he  had 
really  undervalued  the  other,  as  he  pretends  to  do, 
he  would  fcarcely  have  omitted  fuch  a  bloody  war  as 
the  fipft  Punic,  when  he  attempted  profeffedly  to  de- 
scribe all  the  wars  ef  the  republic. 

Sit  Ennius  fane  ut  eft  certe  perfection,  qui  fi  ilium,  ut  fi- 
mulat,  contemneret,- non  omnia  bella  perfequens  pri- 
mum  ilium  Punic um  acerrimum  bellum  reliquiffet. 

Sach  was  the  manner  in  which  Jhe  received  me,  that  not 
only  men  and  women,  of  al)  ranks,  ages  and  condi- 
tions, of  every  fortune,  and  of  every  place,  but  even 
the  walls,  the  dwellings  and  the  temples  of  the  city, . 
feemed  to  wear  a  face  of  joy. 

*  Qua  me  ita  accepit,  ut  non  modo  omnium  generum, 
setatum,  ordinum,omnes  viri  et  mulieres  omnis  fortu- 
nar  ac  loci,  fed  etiam  mcenia  ipfa  viderentur  et:  tecla 
urbis  ac  templa  lastari. 

The  demorjlraiive  pronoun  this  may  be  rendered  by  the  rela- 
tive pronoun  qui. 

If  no  fudden  violence  had  cut  off  this  man,  in  what 
manner  would  he,  when  arrived  at  the  confular  dig- 
nity, have  oppofed  the  fury  of  his  coufm  ? 

g>uem  quidem  virum,  fi  nulla  vis  repentino  fceleris  fufbv 

*  Roma* 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  163 

lifTet,    quonam  modo   illc  furexiti  fratxi  fuo  patrueli 
confularis  rciiitiifet  ? 

The  relative  who  may  be  fometimes  omitted \  the  verb  active 
which  follows  it  being  made  a  participle  pajjive  to  agree  with 
its  accufative  cafe9  which  mujl  be  turned  into  an  ablative 
abfolute. 

But  though  you  blame  them  for  having  been  ambitious- 
of  laurels,  when  they  had  conducted  no  wars  at  all, 
or  very  inconfiderable  ones,  yet  you,  who  had  fubdued 
fuch  powerful  nations,  and  performed  fuch-  mighty  ex- 
ploits, ought  not  to  have  flighted  the  fruit  of  your 
toils,  the  rewards  of  your  dangers,  the  badges  of  your 
valour. 

Quod  fi  reprehendis  quod  cupidi  laureae  fuerint,  cum 
bella  aut  parva  aut  nulla  geffiffent,  tu,  taniis  nationibus 
fubjeclis,  tantis  rebus  geftis,  minime  fru&us  laborum  tu- 
orum  praemia  periculorum  virtutis  infignia  contem- 
nere  debuifti. 

The  relative  who  and  the  verb  is  following  it  may  be  both  left 
out  in  Latin,  and  the  fubflantive  or  adjective  which  follows 
may  be  made,  in  the  fame  cafe  with  the  antecedent  to  the  rela- 
tive, 

I  pardon  Atratinus,  who  is  a  young  man  of  great  humanity 

and  virtue. 
Ego  Atratino  human'iffimo  at  que  optima  adcltfceuti   agnofco. 

The  relative  who  may  be  exprefpd  in  Latin  by  changing  the 
verb  which  it  goes  before  into  a  participle,  which  muft  agree 
in  cafe  with  its  antecedent. 

And  firft  I.  will  vindicate  my  prefent  behaviour  to  Cato, 
who  governs  his  life  by  the  unerring  ftandard  of  rea- 
fon,  and  diligently  weighs  the  motive  of  every  duty. 

Et  primum  Catoni  vitam  ad  certam  rationis  normam 
dirigenti  et  diligentiilime  perpendenti  momenta  officio- 
rum  omnium. 

1  ana  only  aiming  at  the  fatisfaction  of  an  intimate 
friend,  and  a  worthy  man,  who  defres  of  me  nothing 
but  what  is  jufl  and  honourable.. 


1 64  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

Amiciflimo  et  praeftantiftimo  viro  et  recla  et  honefta  pe- 
tenii  fatisfacere  volui/Tem. 

The  verb  aclive  is  very  often  rendered  into  Latin  by  the  verb 
pajjlve,  making  the  nominative  cafe  the  ablative,  and  the  accu- 
jafive  caf  the  nominative. 

Tou  laughed  not  long  ago  at  M.  Pifoys  pajfton  for  a  triumph, 
a  paftion  you  laid  very  different  from  what  you  were 
animated  with  ;  but  although  Pifo  carried  on  a  con- 
siderable war,  as  you  have  told  us,  yet  he  did  not 
think  that  honour  contemptible. 

Irrlfa  efi  a  te  paulo  ante  M.  Pifonis  n//iJ;to -triumph  and  i,  a 
qua  te  longe  dixiiri  abhorrere,  qui  etiamfi  minus  mag- 
num bellum  geiTeret,  ut  abs  te  dicnim  eft,  tamen  iftum 
honorem  contemnendum  non  putavit. 

The  very  firft  villainies  you  were  guilty  of  upon  your 
arrival,  I  marked,  when,  after  having  received  a  ium 
of  money  from  the  inhabitants  of  Dyrrachium  for 
murdering  Plator,  the  perfon  who  entertained  you, 
you  demolifhed  the  houfe  of  the  man  whofe  blood  - 
you  had  fet  to  fale. 

Notata  a  nobis  funi  et  prima  ilia  fcclera  in   adventu,   cum 
accepta  pecunia  a  Dyrrachinis  ob  necem  hofpitis  tui< 
Platoris  ejus  dcmum  evertifti  cujus  fanguinem  addix- 
cras. 

Is  concerned  may  be  rendered  by  making  the  nominative  cafe 
which  precedes  it  the  genitive  with  the  verb  eft. 

But  your  ivifJom,  my  lords,  is  concerned,  not  to  lofe  fight: 
of  the  accufed»  nor  when  the  profecutor  has  given 
an  cdgQ  to  your  fe  verity  and  gravity  again  ft  things, 
againit  vices,  againft  immoralities,  againft  the  times, 
to  point  it  againft  a  man,  againft  one  who  is  accufed 
before  you,  and  who  is  brought  under  an  unjuft  o- 
dium,  not  for  any  perfcnal  crime,  but  for  the  vices 
of  the  multitude. 

Sed  vefira  fapientia  efi,  judices,  non  abduci  a  reonec  quos 
aculcos  habet  feveritas  gravitafque  veftra,  cum  eos 
accufator  erexerit  in  rem  invitia  in  mores  in  tem- 
pora  emitters  in  hominem,  ctS  rcum  cumJsjic;**fuo 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  165 

crimine  fed  multorum    vitio  fit  in  quoddam    odium 
injuftum  vocatus. 

To  be  obliged  to  may  be  rendered  by  the  participle  in  dus, 
and  the  verb  cfle. 

A  fubjecl  which  I  fh all  he  obliged  to  treat  of  in  the  fc  quel. 
De  quo  mihi  deinceps  vidcri  ejfe  dlcendunu 

'The  infinitive,  mood  after  the  verb  are  is  very  often  rendered 
by  the  participle  in  dus,  which  miift  agree  In  gender  with' 
the  Engl'fh  accufativey  which  nmjl  he  changed  into  a  nomina- 
tive,  and  the  verb  eft. 

But  we  are   to    exhibit  the  portrait   of   a  finimed  orator, 

whofe  chief  excellence  muft  be  fuppoled  from  his  very 

name  to  conn  ft  in  his  elocution. 
Sed  jam  illius  perfecti  oratoris  et  fummse  eloquentiac^'- 

cies  exprimenda  eft,  queni  hoc  uno  excellcre,  id  eft,  ora- 

tione  indicat  nomen  ipfuim 

The  Englijh  infinitive  mood  may  he  rendered  into  Latin   by  the 
gerund  in  di. 

If  thefe  remarks,  my  Brutus,  appear  unfuitable  to  the 
fubjecl,  you  muft  throw  the  whole  blame  upon  Atti- 
cus,  who  has  infpired  me  with  a  ftrange  curiofity  $6 
inquire  into  the  age  of  illuftrious  men,  and  the  reipee- 
tive  times  of  their  appearance. 

Hanc  £1  minus  apta  videntur  huic  fermoni,  Attico  aillg- 
na,  qui  me  inflammavit  ftudio  iliuftrium  hominum 
states  et  tempore  profeauendi. 

The  English  verb  belongs   to   may   be  rendered  in  Latin  by  • 
the  verb  eft,  with  a  genitive  cafe  ;   as, 

But  the  merit  of  this  belongs  to  our  anceftors,  who,  upon 
the  expuliion  of  the  kings,  would  iuffer  no  traces  of 
royal  cruelty  to  remain  among  a  free  people. 

Sed  ifta  laus  efl  major mn  nqflrum,  qui,  expulfis  regibus,  nul- 
lum in  libero  populo  vcftigium  crudelatatis  regirc  re- 
linquerunt. 


i66  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

The  Englijh  infinitive  may  be  rendered  into  Latin  by  the  rela* 
five  qui,  and  the  potential  mood ;  as, 

Suppofmg,  therefore,  you  mould  have  a  general  who 
may  appear  capable  of  defeating  the  forces  of  thofe 
two  powerful  kings  in  a  pitched  battle,  yet,  unlefs  he 
is  alio  one  that  can  refrain  his  hands,  eyes  and 
thoughts  from  the  riches  of  our  allies,  from  their 
wives  and  children,  from  the  ornaments  of  their  cities 
and  temples,  and  from  the  gold  and  treafures  of  their 
palaces,  he  is  by  no  means  rit  to  be  fent  to  an  Aiiatie 
and  regal  war. 

Quare  etiamfi  quern  habebis  qui  collatis  fignis  exercitus 
regios  fuperare  pofTe  videatur,  tamen  nifi  erit  idem 
qui  fe  a  pecuniis  fociorum,  qui  ab  eorum  conjugibus 
ac  liberis,  qui  ab  auro  gazaque  regia  manus  oculos 
animum  cohibere  pcflit,  non  erit  idoneus,  qui  ad  bellum 
Afiaticum  regiumque  miitatur. 

*Thefign  mould,  in  thefenfe  of 'ought ',  requires  the  verb  follow- 
ing it  to  be  rendered  in  Latin  by  the  participle  in  dus  ;    as, 

It  were  to  be  wifhed,  Romans,  that  this  ftate  fo  abound- 
ed with  men  of  courage  and  probity  as  to  make  it  a 
•  matter  of  difficulty  to  determine  to  whom  chiefly  you 
fhould  entrujl  the  conduct  of  fo  important  and  dange- 
rous a  war. 

Utinam,  Quirites,  virorum  fortium  atque  innocentium 
copiam  tantam  haberetis,  ut  hae'c  vobis  deliberatio  di'f- 
flcilis  effet  quern  nam  potiuimum  tantis  rebus  ac  tan- 
to  bello  prafieiendum  putaretis. 

We  Jhonhl  have  cotfldered  the- difficulty  of  the  voyage  be- 
fore we  embarked,  for  now  we  have  ventured  to  fet 
fail  we  nroft  run  boldly  before  the  wind,  whether  we 
reach  port  or  not. 

Ingredientibus  confiderandum  fuit  quid  agerimus  ;  nunc 
quidem  jam  quocumque  feremur  danda  nimirum  vela 
funt. 

"The  Jlgn  fhould  is   alfo  fomstimes  rendered  by  the  verb  fum, 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  167 

ihe  nominative  cafe  made  the  genitive,  and  the  verb  the  infini- 
tive mood. 

I  am  of  opinion,  therefore,  that  a  finifhed  orator  fkould 
not  only  poffefs  the  talent,  which  is  indeed  peculiar  to 
himfelf,  of.  fpeaking  copioufly  aad  diffuiively,  but 
that  he  fhould  alfo  borrow  the  affiftance  of  its  neareft 
neighbour,  the  art  of  logic. 

Effe  igitur  per  feci  e  eloquentis  puto  non  earn  folam  faculta- 
tem  habere  quas  fit  ejus  propria  fufe  lateque  dicendi ; 
fed  etiam  vicinam  ejus  atque  finitimam  dialecticcrum 
fcientiam  affumere. 

The  Engli/h  verb  ought  may  be  exprtffedby  rendering  the  verb 
following  it  into  the  gerund  in  dum,  and  the  verb  eft,  mak- 
ing the  nominative  cafe  the  ablative  ;  and  fomcihnes  the  par- 
ticiple in  dus  ;  as, 

Nolr  ought  you  to  overlook  the  laft  point  I  prcpofed  to 
mention  hi  fpeaking  of  the  nature  of  the  war  ;  I  mean 
what  regards  the  fortunes  of  many  Roman  citizens, 
to  which,  my  countrymen,  your  wifdom  ought  to  pay 
a  particular  regard. 

At  ne  illud  quidem  vobis  negligendum  eft,  quod  mlhi  ego 
propofueram  cum  efiem  de  belli  genere  di&urus,  quo- 
rum vobis  pro  veftra  fapientia,  Quirites,  habenda  eft 
ratio  diligenter. 

The  Engli/h  verb  is  fometimts  rendered  by  the  Latin  fulftani'ive* 

Mithridates  employed  the  interval  that  followed,  not  to 
blot  out  the  memory  of  the  ancient  qui.rrel,  but  to  re- 
new the  war. 

Mithridates  omne  reliquum  tempus,  ncn  ad  ollivicr.cm 
belli,  fed  ad  cqmparationem  novi  contulitu 

The  verb  mud  may  be  fupplied  in  Latin  by  mahing  the  verb 
that  fhould  follow  it  the  participle  in  dus,  or  the  gerund  in 
dum  with  eft  added  to  it,  and  the  nominative  the  ablative  ; 
as, 

And  because  the  third  of  glory,  and  paflion  for  fame, 
have  been  always  flronger  in  you  than  in  other  peo- 


j68  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

pic,  you  miift  wipe  out  the  flain  contracted  in  thelaft 
Mithridatic  war,  which  has  given  fo  deep  and  dange- 
rous a  wound  to  the  reputation  of  the  Roman  people. 
Et  quoniam  femper  appetentes  gloriae  prater  cseteras 
gentes  atque  avidi  laudis  fuiftis,  delcnda  eft  vobis  ilia 
macula  Mithridatico  bello  fuperiore  fufcepta,  quse 
penitus  jam  infidat  atque  inveteravit  in  populi  Ro- 
mani  nomine. 

The  Englfh  infinitive  mood  is  often  tranfiaied  by  the  participle 
in  dus,  and  the -verb  ium  and  the  accufaiive  cafe  made  the 
nominative  ;  as, 

.In  the  caufe  now  before  you,  my  lords,  though  I  have 
indeed  undertaken  the  defence  of  the  Sicilians,  yet  I 
confider  myfclf  as  principally  labouring  for  the  Ro- 
man people,  to  crufh,  not.  a  Angle  oppreifof,  but  to  ex- 
tirpate and  alolijh  the  very  name  of  oppreffion,  which 
is  what  the  Roman  people  have  long  defired  with 
carneftnefs. 

Ego  in  hoc  judicio  mini  «Siculorum  caufum  receptam 
populi  Rcmani  fufceptam  eife  arbitror,  ut  mihi  non 
iinus  h(>mo  improbus  opprhnendus  fit,  fed  omnino  omnis 
improbkas,  id  quod  populus  Romanus  jam  diu  flagi* 
tat,  extingtunda  atque  dekdaft.    • 

Sometimes  a  verb  is  elegantly  expreffed  by  an  adjetlive  ;  as, 

Will  you,  Cheilitis,  pretend  that  the  inclinations  of  our 

•beft  and  molt  faithful  allies  ought  not  to  weigh  with 

thofe  who  compofe  this  court  ? 
Utrum,  Carcili,   hec  dices  oj)t>morum  Jfideliflimorumqne 

fociorum   yolu.ntatem  apud  hos  gravepi  eife  non  opor- 

tere. 

Our  Ennius  *vtu  math  beloved  hv  the  elder  Africanus. 
Cams  fuit  Africano  fuperiori  nofter  Ennius. 

A  participle,  when  the  nominative  cafe,  is  fometim^s  rendered 
■by  a  verb,  with  a  conjunction  between  that  and  the  verb 
which  it  went  before» 

When  Philo,  a  philofopher  of  the  fir  ft  name  in  the  aca- 
demy, with  many  of  the  principal  Athenians,  having 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  169 

Oefrted  their  native  home,  fled  to  Rome  from  the  fury 
of  Mi thri dates,  I  immediately  became  his  fcholar. 
Cum  princeps  academice  Philo  cum  Athenienfium  op- 
timatibus  Mithridatico  bello  domo  profugijfet  Romam- 
que  veni/fet,  totum  ei  me  tradidi. 

The  Englifh  participle  with  of  before  it  may  be  rendered  inti 
Latin  by  the  correfpondent  fubjlantive^  and  made  the  genitive. 
cafe. 

For  neither  the  Lacedeemonians,  the  flrft  imitators  of 
this  way  of  living  and  talking y  who  at  their  daily  meals 
recline  upon  a  hard  board  ;  nor  the  Cretans,  who  ne- 
ver indulge  themfelves  in  a  reclining  pofture  at  table; 
have  been  more  fuccefsful  in  the  management  of 
public  affairs  than  the  Romans,  who  divide  their 
time  between  bufmefs  and  plearurc 

iMeque  tamen  Lacedaemonli  au&ores  hujus  vita  atque  ora- 
tionis,  qui  quotidianis  epulis  in  robore  accumbunt,  ne- 
que  vero  Cretes  quorum  nemo  quiaevit  unquam  Cu- 
bans, melius  quam  Romani  homines  qui  tempora 
voluptatis  laboriique  difpertiunt  res-publicas  fuaa 
retinuerunt. 

The.  active  participle  may  fometimes  be  rendered  into  Latin  by 
the  pa/five,  that  and  the  accufative  cafe  which  it  Jhould  govern 
being  turned  into  an  ablative  ;  asy 

On  this  occafion,  though  fome  of  the  beft  and  brayefl 
men  in  Roj^e  be  againfl  me,  yctyfettmg  authority  aj\ 
I  think  we  may  come  at  the  truth  by  reafon  and  in- 
quiry. 

In  haec  caufa,  tametfi  cognofcitis  aufloritates  contrari-  s 
fortiffimcvum .viror-um  et  claridimorum,  tamen,  omlf. 
autoritatibus,  ipia  re  et  ratione  exquircre  polfumus  veri- 
tatem. 

Of,  before  an  aclive  participh  in  Englfh,   may  he  rendered  by 
the  participle  in  dus,  which  miffi  agree   with  the.  noun  nvh 
is  in  Englifh  the  accufative  cafe  after  it  ;  as, 

A  prevalent  .  and  general  perfuafion  had  like  wife  t^fe:i 
hold  of  the  minds  of  thefe  barbarians,  that  the  dti: 


.j7p  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

cf  pillaging  a  rich  and  awful  tcmpk  had  brought  our  ar- 
my into  thofe  parts. 
Erat  etiam  alia  gravis  atque  vehemens  opinio,  quae  per 
rinimos  gentium  barbarorum,  pervaferat,^;*/  locuple- 
hjjimi  et  rcTiglofiJJimi  derlpiendi  caufa  in  eas  oras  noftrum. 
exercitum  effs  adductum. 

May,  when  It  Implies  right  or  propriety,  is  to  be  rendered  by  the 
participle  in  dus,  and  the  nominative  wade  the  dative. 

And  here  I  think  I  may  juftly  congratulate  my/elf,  that  un- 
accuftomed  as  I  am  to  harangue  in  this  manner,  and 
from  this  place,  a  fubject  prefents  itfelf,  on  which  it 
is  impoffible  not  to  be  eloquent. 

Atque  illud  imprimis  mihi  latandum  jure  effe  video,  quod 
in  hac  infolita  mihi,  ex  hoc  loco,  ratione  dicendi  cau- 
fa talis  oblata  eft,  in  qua  oratio  nemini  deeffe  poteft. 

Owing,  when  it  follows  it  was,  may  be  rendered  by  making  the 
fidjlantlve  which  follows  it  the  genitive  cafe. 

Nor  was  it  owing  to  his  great  genius  and  learning  alone,  but 
likewiie  to  his.  amiable  temper  and  virtuous  dif- 
pofition,  that  the  family  which  fir  ft  received  him  in 
jiis  youth  mould  afford  him  freedom  of  accefs  even  in 
his  old  age. 

Sed  etiam  hoc  non  folum  ingenii  ac  Uterarum,  verum  etiam 
vlrtutls  fult,  ut  domus  quae  hujus  adolefcentiae  prima 
fuerit  eadem  efTet  famiiiariftima  fene&utis. 

7 he  participle  granting  or  allowing  may  be  elegantly  tranflat* 
ed  by  quod  fi  ;  as, 

But  granting  that  I  had  not  fuch  powerful,  weighty,  ur- 
gent reafons. 

Quod  ft  hanc  caufam  tarn  idoneam,  tarn  iiiuftrem,  tam 
gravem,  non  haberem. 

The  adverb  is  fometlmes  changed  into  an  adjecllve. 

The  fame  might  be  faid  cf  Demofthenes,  whole  letters 
will  fatlsfy  us  how  ajlduoujly  he  attended  the  lectures 
of  Plato. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  17.1- 

Quad  idem  de  Demofthene  exiilimari  poteft,  cujus  er 
epiitolis  intclligi  licet  <\u-am  freqttens  fuerit  Pkitonis  au- 
ditor.    * 

The  EngtifJj  adverb  after  will  require  the  participle  which  fol- 
lows it  to  be  rendered  by  a  Latin  verb. 

After  Budding and  equipping  vail  fleets,  levying  great  ar- 
mies hi  all  the  countries  whence  troops  could  be  had, 
he  fent  ambaiFadors  from  Ecbatance  into  Spain. 

Poileaquam  quani  maximas  adificavii  ornajfet  que  clafFes, 
exercitatufque  permagnos  quibus  cunque  exgentibus 
potuiiFet,  comparafTet,  ufque  in  Kifpauiam  Legates 
Ecbatanis  miflt. 

After,  before  a  verb  of the  preterperfecl  ten  ft  pajfive,  may,  in 
fame  injlanccs,  be  exprejffed  by  making  the  ruminative  cafe  the 
ablative  abflLile,  and  turning  'the  verb  int%  a  participle  paf- 

M*  :/    .,  ..  •••- 

After  the  genus  or  kind  has  been  fujftiently  "determined,  we 
muft  then  proceed  to  examine  into  different  or  iubor- 
dinate  parts,  that  our  whole  difcourfe  may  be  proper- 
ly diilributed  amongft  them.-         s         ;* 

Explicato  genere  cujufque  ret  videntum  eft,  quae  fint  ejus  ge- 
neris, five  forma  five  partes,  ut  in  eas  tribuatur  omnis 
onttio. 

The  adverb  when  will  fometimer  require  .'the  nominative  cafe 
following,  together  with  its  verb,  to  be  rendered  by  the  abla- 
tive abfolute  in  Latin  ;  as, 

Why  do  we  noti  when  the  gods  clearly  df cover  their  pie afure^ 
entruft  this  war  agaihft  the  king  to  the  care  of  the 
man  who  has  already  terminated  fo  many  others  to 
the  advantage  of  the  ftate  ? 

Cur  non,  ducibus  diis  immortalibus,  eidem  cui  caetera  cum 
falute  reipublicas  commiifa  funt,  hoc  quoque  bellum 
regnum  committimus  ? 

The  adverb  whilft  may  be  expreffed  by  rendering  the  nominative 
cafe,  and  the  verb,  in  the  fent ence  to  which  it  belongs^  by  thz 
ablative  abfolute  j  as} 


*7*  AN  INTROD  UCTION  TO 

They  requefted  and  conjured  me  not  to  difregard  their 
fuplications,  fmce,  whilft  I  was /aft,  they  ought  to  be- 
come fuppliants  to  no  one. 

Rogare  et  orare  ne  illos  fupplices  afpernarer  quos,  me 
incolum'ts  nemini  fupplices  efle  oporteret. 

As,  when  itfignifies  with  refpect  to,  may  be  exprejfed  by  mak- 
ing the  word  which  follows  it  of  the  genitive  cafe,  governed 
of  the  leading  fubflantive, 

As  to  thefophifts  whom  I  have  already  mentioned,  the  re- 
femblarice  ought  to  be  more  accurately  diitinguiihed, 
for  they  induftrioufly  purfue  the  fame  flowers  which 
are  ufed  by  the  orator  in  the  forum. 

Sophiflarum,  de  quibus  fupra  dixi,  magis  diftinguenda 
fimilitudo  videtur,  qui  omnes  eodem  volunt  ftores, 
adhibet  orator  in  caufis,  perfequi. 

The  Englifh  ad-verb  not,  with  an  imperative  mood,  may  be  ren- 
dered into  Latin  by  the  imperative  mood  of  nolo,  making  the 
Englifh  imperative  the  Latin  infinitive  ;  as, 

Therefore,  Cato,  cenfure  not  too  feverely  thefe  cuftoms  of 
our  ancefcors,  which  our  prefent  flourifhing  condition, 
and  the  long  continuance  of  our  empire,  fufficiently 
juftify. 

Quare  noli,  Cato,  majorum  inflituta  quae  res  ipfa  publi- 
ca,  quse  diuturnitas  imperii  comprobat  nimium  fevera 
rati  one  reprehendere. 

The  conjunclion  but  may  be  rendered  by  the  prepofiticn  praeter. 

Virtue  defires  no  other  reward  for  her  toils  and  dangers, 

but  praife  and  glory. 
Nullum  enim  virtus  aliam  mercedem  laborum  periculo-     ^1 

rumque  d  e  fide  rat  prater  hanc  laudis  et  glories. 

The  conjunclion  as,  before  an  infinitive  mood,  may  be  rendered 
into  Latin  by  the  relative  qui,  making  the  verb  following  the 
indicative  mood  ;  as, 

Suffice  it  in  few  words  to  fay,  that  no  man  was  ever  yet 
fo  prefumptuous  as  ever  filently  to  conceive  a  wifh,  that 
the  immortal  gods  would  crown  him  with  io  manr 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  173 

and  diftinguifhing  proofs  of  their  favour,  as  they  have 
bcftowed  upon  Pompey. 
Hoc  breviffime  dicam,  neminem  unquam  tam  impuden- 
tem  fuiife,  qui  a  dlis  immortalibus  tot  et  tantas  res  ta- 
citus  auderct  cptare,  quot  et  quantas  dii  immortales  ad 
Pompeium  detulerunt. 

The  conjunction  that,  before  a  nominative  cafe  and  a  verb,  is 
rendered  into  Latin  by  turning  the  nominative  cafe  into  the 
accufaiive,  and  the  verb  into  an  infinitive-  moody  or  tlfe  into- 
the  participle  in  das*  . 

Eor  a  number  of  citizens  fuftaining  at  that  time  greac 
lolfes  in  Afia,  we  know  that  public  credit  was  at  a  fland 
at  Rome,  from  a  general  ftoppage  of  payment. 

Nam. x urn  cum  in  Alia  res  magnas  permulti  amiferunt> 
icimus  Romas  folutione  impedttajfr&w  concidiffe. 

But  this  is  not  always  done,  for  that  is  fomdimes  rendered  by 
ut,  with  a  potential  mood» 

This  we  learn  from  experience  to  be  frequently  the  cafe, 
that  the  eminent  diftrefies  of  princes,  by  the  compaf- 
fion  they  are  apt  to  excite,  raife  powerful  confedera- 
cies in  their  favour,  efpecially  of  fuch  as  are  either 
monarchs  themfelves,  or  live  in  fubjecHon  to  monar- 
.  chy,  becaufe  to  -  them  the  name  of  royalty  founds  vene- 
rable. • 

Hoc  jam  fere  fie  fieri  folere  accepimus,  ut  regum  afRictae 
fortunae  facile  multorum  opes  allkiant  ad  mifericordi- 
am,  maximeque  eorum  qui  aut  reges  iiint  aut  vivunt  • 
in  regno  quod  regale,  iis  nomen  magnum  et  fan^him 
effe  videatur. 

When  a  fenlence  begins  with  if,  the  conjunction  is  often  left  out 
in  Latin,  the  nominative  cafe  made  the  ablative  alfolute,  and 
the  verb  a  participle  to  agree  with  it  ;  as. 

He  fhall  have  iif*  reafon  to  think,  if  I  conducl  this  caufe^  ■ 
that  this  bench  can  be  corrupted  without  great- peril 
to  many. 

Nihilerit  quod,  me  agent?,  arbitretur  judicium  fine  magno 
multorum  periculo  poffe  corrumpj,* 

CL2 


174  AN  INTRODUCTION  T© 

To  engage  or  perfuade  may  be  rendered  by  ut  with  a  poten- 
tial mood. 
And  to  engage  you  more  readily  to  this,  my  lords,  I  will 

lay  open  the  very  fecrets  of  my  heart  before  you,  and 

fully  confefs  my  paffion  for  glory,  which,  though  too 

keen,  perhaps,  is  however  virtuous. 
Atque  ut  id  Y\hzxiX.ms  faciatis  ]am  me  vobis  judices  indi- 

cabo  ut  de  meo  quodam  amore  glorias,  nimis  acri  for- 

tafTe,  veruntamen  honefte  indicabo. 

*The  prepofition  without  may  be  exprcffed  by  making  the  word 
which  it  governs  the  ablative  cafe  abfolute. 

Such  indeed  was  my  conduct  during  the  whole  of  my* 
confulfhip,  that  I  did  nothing  without  the  advice  of 
the  fenate,  without  the  approbation  of  the  Roman  people. 

Atque  ita  eft  a  me  confulatus,  peractus  ut  nihil  fine  con- 
cilio  fenatus,  non  approbante  pcpulo  Romanum  egerim. 

The  prepofition  (or  rather  the  participle)  during  may  be  ex- 
prffcd  by  rendering  the  fubjlantive  following  in  the  ablative, 
ccfi  ahfolute. 

If  it  fhould  happen,  my  lords,  that  there  is  any  one  pre- 
fent  who  is  unacquainted  with  our  laws,  our  judicial. 
proceedings,  and  the  forms  of  our  courts,  it  mull  cer- 
tainly be  matter  of  furprife  to  fuch  a  perfon,  what 
can  render  this  caufe  of  fo  very  heinous  a  nature, 
that  it  alone  fhould  be  tried  on  the  feftival  days,  dur- 
ing the  celebration  of  the  f ports ,  and  a  total  fufpenfion  of 
bufmefs  in  the  forum. 

Si  quis,  judices,  forte  nunc  adfit  ignarus  legum,  judicio- 
rum,  confuetudinis  noftra?,  miretur,  profedto  quae  fit 
tanta  atrocitas  hujus  caufx  quod,  diebus  fe/iis,  ludifque 
publicis,  omnibus  negotiis  forenfibus  intermulis,  u- 
num  hoc  judicium  exerceretur. 

£uljlantives>  with  the  prepofttions  with  or  by  before  them,  may 
be  rendered  into  adverbs* 

He  lived  in  this  city  as  long  as  he  could  bfave  lived  in.  it 

with  honour  and  reputation, 
Vixit  tarn  dia  quam  licult  in  civitate  bene  ha'eov.c  vivers* 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  i^ 

Under,  when  it  means  commanded  by,  may  be  rendered  by  the 
participle  imperans,  which  with  its  fubflantivc  mufl  be  made 
the  ablative  cafe  abfolute. 

Under  Lucullus,  the  Roman  people  penetrated  into  Pon- 
tus,  impregnable  till  then,  by  means  of  its  fituation 
and  the  arms  of  its  monarchs  ;  under  him  too  the  Ro- 
mans, with  no  very  confiderable  force,  routed  the 
numberlefs  troops  of  the  Armenians- 

Populus  enim  Romanus,  Lusullo  imperante,  Pontum  et  re- 
giis  quondam  opibus  et  ipfa  natura,  regionis  vallatum 
populi  Romani  exercitus  eodem  duce  non  maxima 
manu  innumerabiles  Armeniorem  copias  fudit. 

The  EngTifh  prepofition  without,  before  a  participle,  may  be 
rendered  in  Latin  by  turning  the  participle  into  a  verb,  and 
prefixing  a  negative  participle  to  it  ;  as, 

The  provinces  of  Greece  and  beyond  the  Hellefpont, 
unable  to  repel  the  danger,  look  to  you  for  aid,  but 
without  daring  or  thinking  it  fafe  to  name  the  particular 
general,  becaufe  you  had  already  put  another  into 
that  commiffion. 

Civitas  autem  omnes  cuncta  Afia  atque  Grarcia,  veftrum 
auxilium  expeclare,  propter  periculi  magnitudinem 
coguntur  irrtperatorem  a  vobis,  certum  depofcere  cum 
praefertim  vos  alium  miferitis,  neque  audent  neque  fe  id 
facere  furnmo  fine  periculo  poffe  arbitrantur. 

The  prepofition  without  may  be  rendered  into  Latin  by  the  par* 
ticiple  amifTus  being  made  the  ablative  cafe,  together  with  the 
'word  which  it  governs  ;  as, 

It  regards  the  fureft  and  the  faireft  revenues  of  the  com- 
monwealth, without  which  we  can  neither  fupport  peace 
with  dignity,  nor  furnifli  the  necefTary  expenfes  dur- 
ing war. 

Aguntur  certitlima  populi  Romani  vecligalia  et  maxima 
quibus  amiffu  et  pads  ornamenta  et  fubiidia  belli  requi- 
ritis. 

The  prepofition  from,  before  a  participle,  may  be  rendered  by 
quo  minus,  and  the  participle  be  made  a  verb  of  the  potential 
mood  ;  as, 


p6  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

IF  the  dlfpute  regards  the  impeachment,  you  mud  leave 
that  to  thofe  who  are  deterred  by  no  crimes  of  their 
own  fro,n  Ljying  open  the  crimes  of  another. 

Si  de  accufatione  dicimus,  concedas  oportet  iis  qui  nullo 
fuo  peccato  impediuntur,  quo  minus  altevius  peccata  de- 
mon ft  rare  poffunt* 

When  with  comes  before  a  participle  of  the  pr<zterperfe6t  tenfey  it 
<w'iU  require  that  participle  to  be  turned  into  an  injmitive 
mood  ;  asy  , 

Verres  is  charged  it> ith  having,  for-  three  years,  plundered 

the  province  of  Sicily,  rifled  the  cities,  Jlript  the  private 

houfes,  and  pillaged  the  temples. 
Siciliam    provinciam  Verres,  per  triennium  depopulate* 

eft  Siculorum,  civitates  vajlajje  domes  exinanajje,  fana 

fpoliajfy  dicitur.  . 


OF 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN:  vjj 

0  F    T  HE 

POSITION  of  WORDS 

IN 

LATIN   COMPOSITION. 

THE  grand  fecret,  the  great  myftery,  of  the  pofition 
of  words  in  the  Latin  tongue,  lies  principally    in 
thefe  two  points,  viz. 

1.  That  the  word  governed  be  placed  before  the  word  which 
governs  it. 

2.  That  the  word  agreeing  be  placed  after  the  word  with 
which  it  agrees, 

Thefe  two  may  be  termed  the  maxims  of  pofition ; 
and  from  them  refult  various  rules,  which  may  be  con- 
veniently divided  into  two  claffes  ;    viz. 

i.  Rules  refulting  from  the  government  of  words. 

2.  Rules  refulting  from  the  agreement  of  words. 
To  which  add  a  third  clafs,  viz. 

3.  Mifcellaneous  rules,  not  reducible  to  either  of  th« 
two  claffes  foregoing. 


RULES   OF    POSITION. 

Class  I. 

Rules  refulting  from  the  Government  of  Words. 

Rule    i. 

A  VERB  in  the  infinitive  mood   (if  it  be  governed) 
is  ufually  placed  before  the  word  which  governs 
it. 

Rule   2. 

A  noun  in  an  oblique  cafe  is  commonly  placed  be- 
fore the  word  which  governs  it ;  whether  that  word  be 
a  verb,  or  another  noun-fubftantive,  adjeclive,  or  par- 
ticiple. 


JyS  AN  INTRODUCTION   TO; 

Rule  3. 

Dependent  claufes,  as  well  as  fingle- words,  are  plaeecf 
before  the  principal  finite  verb  Ga  which  fuch  clflfufes- 
do  mainly  depend. 

Rule  4* 

The  finite  verb  is  commonly  placed  Iail  in  its  own 
claufe. 

Rule  5. 

Prepofnions  ufually  precede  the  cafes  governed  by 
them. 


Class    II. 

Rules  refulilng  from  the  Agreement  cf  Words* 

Rule    6.      Firft  Concord. 

The  finite  verb  is  ufually  placed  after  its  nominative 
cafe,  fome times  at  the  diitanee  of  many  words. 

Rule  7.     Second  Concord. 

The  adjective  or  participle  is  commonly  placed  after 
the  fubliantive  with  which  it  agrees. 

Rule  8.     Third  Concord. 

The  relative  is  commonly  placed  after  the  antecedent 
with  which  it  agrees. 

Rule   9.     Third    Concord. 

The  relative  is  placed  as  near  to  the  antecedent  as- 
pofilble. 

Class  III. 

Mlfccllaneous    Rules.. 

Rule   10.     Adverbs.. 

Adverbs  are  placed  before  rather  than  after  the 
words  to  which  they  belong. 

Rule   ti..    Adverbs. 

Adverbs  are  in  general  placed  immediately  before 
the  words  to  which  they  belong  ;  no  extraneous  words 
coming  between. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  179 

Rule    12. 

Jgitur,  autem,  cnlm,  et\am>  are  very  feldom  placed  firft 
in  a  claufe  or  ientence.  The  enclitics  que,  ne%  ve,  ave 
never  placed  firft. 

Rule    13. 

Tamen  is  very  often  and  elegantly  placed  after  the 
firft,  fecond  or  third  word  of  the  claufe  in  wh'ch  it 
itands. 

Rule    14. 

Connected  words  fhould  go  together  ;  that  is,  they 
may  not  be  feparated  from  one  another  by  words  thaj 
are  extraneous,  and  have  no  relation  to  them. 

Rule    15.     Cadence. 

The  cadence  or  concluding  part  of  a  claufe  or  fey.* 
tence  fhould  very  feldom  ponfift  of  monofyliables» 

Rule    i£. 

So  far  as  other  rules  arid  perfpicuity  will  allow,  in  the 
arrangement  and  choice  of  words,  when  the  foregoing 
ends  with  a  vowel,  let  the  next  begin  with  a  conic  nant  j 
and  vice  verfa. 

Rule    17. 

In  .general  a  redundancy  of  fhort  words  muft  be 
avoided. 

Hule    18. 

In  general  a  redundancy  of  long  words  muft  be- 
avoided. 

•Rule    .19. 

In  general  there  muft  be  no  redundancy  of  long  mea- 
fares. 

Rule    20. 

In  general  there  muft  be  no  redundancy  of  fhort  mea* 
fures. 

Rule    21. 

The  laft  fyllables  of  the  foregoing  word  muft  not  be 
the  fame  as  the  firft  fyllables  ot  the  word  following. 


iSo  AN  INTRODUCTION   TO 

Rule    22. 

Many  words,  which  bear  the  fame  quantity,  which 
begin  alike,  or  end  alike,  or  which  have  the  fame  cha- 
racteriftic  letter  in  declenfion  or  conjugation,  (many 
fuch  words)  may  not  come  together. 


THE    RULES    OF    POSITION,   WITH  THEIR 
EXCEPTIONS,  EXEMPLIFIED. 

Rule    i. 

"     A    VERB  in  the  infinitive  mood  (if  it  be  govern* 
XjL  ed)   is  ufually  placed  before  the  word  which 
governs  it." 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  Ami  cum  ladere  ne  joco  quidem  licet* 

2.  Amor  mifceri  cum  timore  non  pot eft. 

3.  Dan  bonum  qnod  potuit,  aufcrri  pot  eft, 

4.  E riper e  telum,  non  dare  irato  decet. 

5.  Tacere  fccpe  tutum  eft. 

EXCEPTIONS. 

I.  When  the  ear  informs  that  the  infinitive  mood 
"would  found  better  after  the  word  which  governs  it,  to 
gratify  the  ear,  place  it  after,  as  Cicero  has  done  in  the 
following  inftance  :  "  Ex  quibus  neminem  mini  necejfe  eft 
nominare  ;  vofmet  vobifcum  recordamini  ;  nolo  enim  cu- 
jufquam  fortis  atque  illuflris  viri  ne  minimum  quidem 
erratum  cum  maxima  laude  conjungere"  If  nominare  had 
preceded  necejfe  ejl>  die  cadence  would  have  been  injured 
l>y  a  monofyllable  ;  and  if  nolo  were  to  follow  its  infini- 
tive conjungere,  a  daclyl  and  a  fpcndee  would  be  there 
formed,  where  in  profe  fuch  a  meafure  mould  be  nevef 
found,  namely,  in  the  cadence  :  for  what  is  the  proper 
cadence  of  a  verfe  may  very  well  begin,  but  mould  not 
conclude,  a  fentence  in  profe  ;  the  folemn  harmony  of 
profe  being  fo  far  removed  above  fuch  affectation,  as  the 
.majeftic  marching  of  a  ibldier  is  more  noble  than  the 
dancing  of  a  jig.. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  i8-i 

2.  To  avoid  a  concurrence  of  vowels,  the  infinitive 
mood  may  ibmetimes  follow  the  word  that  governs  it  ; 
as,  "  Bonus  pucr  amat  intclltgere"  rather  than  intelligert 
amat.  The  reafon  of  which  is,  that  a  concurrence  oi 
vowels  is  apt  ibmetimes  to  impede  the  voice,  by  caufmg 
a  very  unpleafant  hiatus,  or  opening  of  the  mouth,  and 
fufpending  for  a  while  the  organs  of  fpeech,  ih  as  to 
make  them  labour  in  their  office,  as  any  one  may  fenfi- 
bly  perceive  by  reading  aloud  this  line  of  Ovid, 

"  Omne  folum  forti  patria  eft,  ut  pifcibus  sequor." 

The  difficulty  of  uttering  patria  eft  is  absolutely  felt,  the 
movements  of  the  tongue  in  getting  through  the  ia-e  are 
fo  very  awkward  :  and  therefore  this  concurrence  of 
vowels  is  thus  condemned  by  Quinctilian  (whofe  opinion 
to  fupport  my  own,  for  the  learner's  aifurance,  I  fliali 
quote  on  many  -occafions)  :  Turn  votalium  concurfus  ;  qtd 
cum  accidit,  hlat  et  interfjlit,  et  quaji  lalorat  oratio. 


Rule    2. 

?     A   ^OUN  tn  an  °hlique  cafe   is  commonly  placed 
JLX.  before  the  word  which  governs  it,  whether  that 
word  be  a  verjb,  or  another  noun,  fubftantive,  adjective 
or  participle." 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  Bewfcia  dure  qui  nefcit*,  rnju&e  petit. 

2.  Amicos  res  optima"  par'iunt^  adverfae  proband 
-3,    Fcrtiinam  citius  rap  as  y  quam  reltntas, 

4.  Innpi  benzjicium  bis  datt  qui  celeriter  dat. 

5.  Data  fd/t  reminifcicur.     Vehementer  ird  excan- 

duit. 
G.  Mens  futon  prafcta.     Patri  funiti;. 
j .  Am  or  £  t  mcVe  t  i  felle  e  it  fcecund'ijjimus. 

EXCEPTION. 

The  exertion  to  this  rule  is  as  that  to  the  foregoing. 
To  fiiciliate  the  utterance,  or  to  gratify  the  ear,  the 
■R 


IS*  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

word  governed  may  be  fet  after  that  which  governs  it ; 
and  the  ear  is  thus  oftentimes  gratified,  when  the 'word 
governed,  being  longer  than  that  which  governs  it,  i$ 
therefore  let  after  it ;   as  we  ihall  fee  hereafter. 


Rule    3. 

«  yxEPENDENT  claufe  s,  as  well  as   fmgle  words, 
\J    are  placed  before  the  principal   finite   verb,   on 
which  fuch  claufe s  do  mainly  .depend. " 

Note. — .Not  only  fmgle  words,  but,  by  a  kind  of  link 
or  chain  connecting  feveral  words  together,  whole  clauf- 
es may  be  dependent  on  one  word,  and  come  under  the 
general  maxim  of  being  placed  before  it. 


EXAMPLES. 


I.  Gefar  fays,  that  of  all  the  Gauls  the  Belga?  were 
the  braveit,  becaufe  merchants  leaft  of  all  converted  with 
and  brought  them  thofe  things  which  effeminate  the  mind  ;  At* 
qua  ea,  qua  ad  efjecminandos  anhnos  pertinent,  important» 

Here  the  pronoun  ea  being  governed  of  the  verb  m- 
portant,  is  therefore  put  before  it.  But  why  mould  the 
intefW&diate  claufe  qua  ad  e.  a.  p.  come  alio  before  i?n- 
fortant  ?  Becaufe,  for  perfpicuity,  the  relative  qua  mould 
not  be  feparated  from  its  antecedent  ea  ;  and  if  qua  can- 
not be  feparated  from  ea,  much  lefs  can  ad  effxmandos 
animus  pertinent  be  feparated  from  qua  by  the  intervention 
of  important,  which  would  be  giving  to  qua  a  new  verb, 
and  fpoil  the  fenfe  }  fo  that  important  is  neceffarily  placed 
laft  here,  not  only  ea  its  immediate  dependent  being  to 
Come  before  it,  but  likewife  that  whole  intermediate 
claufe,  which  through  the  medium  of  ea  depends  on  it 
alio. 

2.  Cafar  nvas  dejlrous  of  doing  a  hirtdntfs  to  his  friend9 s 
fan,  tvho  was  then  with  the  army  in  Spain. — Cafar  amicijUio 
qui  turn  in  H'tfpanid  miiitabat,  henefcium  agere  cup'ulat. 

Cupiebat  is  here  the  principal  finite  verb,  and  is  pro- 
perly placed  laft  in  the  fentence.  The  infinitive  agere 
comes  before  it  by  R.    1,  being  governed  of  it  5    for 


THE  MAKING  OF  I.ATINV  183 

«lie  like,  reafon,  by  R.  2,  beneficium  the  accusative,  and 
JiitO  the  dative,  are  let  before  agere,  they  being  both  go- 
verned by  that  infinitive  ;  nor  can  amici1  by  any  means 
be  feparatcd  from  filio,  with  which  it  is  even  naturally 
connected  :  and  Cafiir  Hands  foremoft  hec^,  as  being  the 
nominative  cafe  ;  while  that  entire  claufe  qui  turn  in  ttif* 
partid  mUitabqt  comes  before  cupiebat,  and-  before  beneficium 
dgere  too,  that  the  relative  ^/i  and  its  adjuncts  may  fol- 
low the  antecedcnt^frVo  as  foon  as  poiTible,  according  to 
R.  9.  Thus  is  the  pofition  of  every  word  in  this  fen- 
tence  regularly  accounted  for,  fas,  by  fome  rule  or  other  ^ 
there  is  fcarcely  a  word  in  all  the  'volumes  of  Cicero,  lufcyft0 
right  pfition  may  be  accounted  for  ;)  and  thus  it  appears 
that  thevprincipal  finite  verb  cupiebat,  being  placed  la  ft, 
is  placed  \yj||^e  it  ought  to  be. 

3.  Supflflf  more  words  under  this  fame  government  : 
the  principle  verb  cupiebat  will  Hill  retain  its  pofition  : — 
Thus,      /'* 

Cafar  w'Jhed  to  do  a  hindnefs  to  his  friend9 s  fony  «who  was 
then  with  the  army  in  Spain,  and  who  had  before,  in  the  late 
wars,  with  great  %eal  commanded  fome  horfe, — Cafar  amici 
Jilio,  qui  turn,  in  Hifpanid  militalat,  atque  idem  jam  antea  bcl/is 
prioribus  equiiatui  fedule  prafuerat,  beneficium  agere  cupiebat. 

Here  every  word  from  qui,  turn,  &c.  to  prafuerat,  hav- 
ing relation  to  filio  the  antecedent,  mud  by  R.  9  be  im- 
mediately annexed  to  it  ;  and  confequently  becaufe  by 
R«  2JU10  comes  before  beneficium  agere  cupiebat,  alFfhofe 
fourteen  words,  from  qui  to  prafuerat,  mud  precede  like- 
wife. 

4.  If  it  had  been  the  father,  Cscfar's  friend  (wlmfe 
name,  we  will  fay,  was  Lentulus)  that  had  commanded 
fome  horfe  m  Csefar\s  wars,  and  Ciefar  therefore  wifhed' 
to  ferve  his  fon,  ftill  all  relative  terms,  having  relation 
Xofilio,  muft,  as  well  ^%  filio,  be  fet  before  the  principal' 
verb  cupiebat :     Thus, 

Cafar  amici  filio,  qui  turn  in  Hifpanid  militabat,  et  cuius  pa- 
ter Lentulus  (nam  hoc  crat  nomen  amico)  jam  antea  Idiis  'prio* 
riblis  e  quit  atui  prafuerat,  beneficium  agere  cupiebat, 

EXCEPTION. 

The  exception  to  this  third  rule  is,  when  the  fentence 
is  very  long  and  complicated  j  when  it  is  made  up  of  fo 


i8+  AN  INTRODUCTION    TO 

many  kindred  and  dependent  claufes,  that  were  they  all 
to  come  between  the  principal  verb  and  nominative  cafe, 
the  relation  between  that  verb  and  its  nominative  might 
be  obfeured  or  loft. 

When  this  happens,- to  avoid  prolixity,  the  principal 
verb  and  nominative  cafe  mult  be  brought  together,  ci- 
ther at  the  beginning  of  the  fentence,  or  at  the  end ;  ra- 
ther at  the  beginning  ;  though  ibmctimes  the  whole  pe- 
riod may  receive  a  peculiar  force  and  energy  from  the 
principal  verb  and  nominative  cafe- being  fet  lad.  How- 
ever, in  general,  the  principal  verb  and  nominative  cafe 
o/  a  long  fentence  mould  be  in  the  fore-front  ;  and  re- 
member, that  if  the  chief  verb  have  any  words  immediate- 
ly depending  on  it,  as  cupiebat  above  has  agere  benejicium, 
it  will  attract  them,  and  they  mull  all  go  together.  Thus 
if  in  the  foregoing  example  the  fentence  had  been  fome- 
what  more  extenlive,  the  principal  verb,  its  nominative 
cafe  and  immediate  dependents  would  appear  better  in 
the  beginning  : — As, 

Cafar  wijhed  to  do  a  kindnefs  to  his  friend* s  fin,  who  war 
then  with  the  army  in  Spain,  and  whife  father  Lentulus  (for 
fo  his  friend  iv as  named)  had  in  former  wars  with  great  zeal 
commanded  the  cavalry,  and,  at  length  worn  out  with  ^war  and 
wounds  rather  than  old  age,  had  died  at  Adrumetum  in  Africa. 
Cafar  hcaeficimn  agere  cupiebat  amicijilio,  qui  turn  in  H'fpanid 
miliiabat,  et  ejufdem  pater  Lentulus  (nam  hoc  erat  nomen  amicoj 
Idl'u  prior ilus  equitatui  Jedule  prafuerat  ;  et  tandem  militia  po* 
this  et  vulneribus  quam  at  ate  conftlus,  in  Africa  apud  Adrume- 
tum njlid  funclus  fuerat. 

Note. — It  being  faid  above,  that  a  fentence  may  fome- 
times  acquire  an  increafed  energy  from  the  principal 
verb  and  its  nominative  being  placed  laft  ;  it  may  be 
ufeful  here  to  exhibit  an  inftance  of  it.  There  is  a  link- 
ing one  in  Seneca,  De  Benef  /.  6,  c.  31,  where  that  au- 
thor fpeaks  of  the  proud  expedition  of  Xerxes,  and  the 
fhameful  rout  he  met  with  from  a  few  Greeks. 

Divina  atque  humana  impellentem,  et  mutant  cm  quicquid  ob- 
Jiiterat  trecenti  flare  jufferunt.      Siratufque  per  totam  pajfim 
Graciam  Xerxes  intellexit,  quantum  ah  exercitu  turba  difta- 
ret. 


TOE  MAKING  OF  LATIN,  185 

"This  pofition  of  the  nominative  cafe  and  verb  is 
then  molt  proper,  when  any  particular  emphaiis  belongs 
to  them,  ar  fomething,  whatever  it  be,  that  Is  extraordi- 
nary, and  demands  attention.  Xerxes  invaded  Europe 
with  fleets  and  armies  £b  immenfe  as  to  be  almoft  innu- 
merable. Yet  thus  omnipotent,  as  he  fancied  himfelf, 
he  met  tvitli  an  unexpected  obitacle  at  Thermopylae, 
where  his  march  was  (lopped,  not  by  numbers  equal  to 
his  own,  but  by  a  little  troop  of  three  hundred  Spartans, 
under  their  brave  king  Leonidas  ;  which  is  a  circum- 
stance moil  remarkable  :  and  therefore*  in  the  paflage 
above,  this  little  troop,  trecentl,  and  what  they  achieved, 
Jlare  jujjerunt  are  judici6tiify*i&f  in  that  part  of  the  fen- 
tenec/  namely,  at  the  cadence-,- which  is  ever  apt  to  ilrike 
more  forcibly  on  the  mind,  and  to  be  retained  longeft, 
rebounding  and  abiding,  as  it  were,  on  the  ears  of  the 
audience. 

Again,  that  this  fame  Xerxes,  the  proudeft,  vaineft 
mortal  that  ever  lived,  mould  be  fo  brought  to  a  right 
way  of  thinking,  as  to  perceive  the  difference  between 
a  multitude  and  an  army,  is  what  in  fuch  a  man  one- 
would  hardly  expect  ;  and  therefore  in  the  fame  paflage 
.we  find  the  fecond  cadence  to  confift  in  Xerxes  tntellexit. 

Farther,  becauie  it  is  truly  fo,  that  a  multitude,  an  un- 
disciplined mafs  of  men,  whether  they  be  armed  with 
Perfian  fabres  or  Gallic  pikes,  do  not  conilitute,  but  are 
very  inferior  to,  an  army  5  and  becaufe  this  reflection 
may  lead  to  prudent  counfels,  it  is  a  circumitance  that 
demands  attention  ;,  and  therefore  the  fubject  or  nomi- 
native cafe  and  its  verb  being  in  this  proportion,  the 
words  of  moil  import  are  there  placed  where  they  will 
be  moil  noticed,  i.  e.  at  the  ciofe  ;  thus,  Quantum  ab  ex- 
ercttit  turha  diftare}.  The  futility  and  inferiority  of  the 
rabble,  by  being  propounded  lail,  are  likely  to  make  the 
Jail  impreflion,  and  the  reflection  therefore  to  be  moil  at- 
tended to  ;  for  both  in  hearing  and  in  reading,  thofe 
ideas  ilrike  moft  which  ilrike  Lilt,  and  thofe  impreifions 
are  moil  fenfib'ly  felt,  and  the  longeft  retained,  which 
are  lail  made.  This  is  as  natural  in  the  human  mind, 
as  it  is  for  moft  echoes  to  repeat  not  the  rife  but  the  fail 
ef  "founds,  even  that  with  which  the  air  is  lait  affe&ed, 
Ra 


x86  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

and  with  which  only  the  ear  is  twice  faluted,  becaufe  it 
is  that  which  is  laft  and  moil  ftrongly  reverberated. 


Rule  4. 

"  r  I  1  £^  finite  verb  is  commonly  placed  laft  in  its  own 
JL      claufc." 

Verba  fenfum  cludere    (fays  Qui.n Chilian)  multo  Ji  com-po- 
Jltio  patiaiury  optimum  eft  :  in  verbis  enlm  fermonis  vis  infi. 

Ina.  9,  4. 


EXAMPLES. 


i.  Negandi  caufa  avaro  nunquam  deficit. 

2.  Nimium  altercando  Veritas  amittitur. 

3.  Nil  proprium  ducas,  quod  mutarier^A^. 

4.  NecefTe  eft,  multos  timeat,  quern  multi  timent. 
Though  in  fa&  the  prefent  rule  is  little  dfc  than  what 

hath  been  already  inculcated  ;  for  if  infinitives  muft 
come  before  finites,  and  oblique  cafes  before  the  verbs 
which  govern  them,  it  is  plain  that  finite  verbs  muft. 
come  laft  ;  yet  this  is  properly  made  an  exprefs  rule,  that 
the  learner  may  take  due  heed  to  the  pofuion  of  that 
word.,  which  is  truly  defined  to  be  the  chief  word  in 
every  fentence,  and  indeed  en  that  very  account  to  be 
generally  placed  laft. 

EXCEPTIONS. 

1.  To  avoid  an  improper  concurrence  of  vowels,  or 
on  any  other  account  to  gratify  the  ear,  the  finite  verb 
may  have  another  pofitipn  than  that  to  which  this  rule 
configns  it.  80  the  mind  be  duly  informed,  we  may 
always  footh  the  ear.  And  therefore,  when  Quinctilian 
fijs  that  the  verb  mould  be  laft,  if  porTTble,  he  imme- 
diately adxls,  at  ft  u. I  nfperum  erit,  cedat  hac  ratio  numcris  ; 
lit  fit  apud  /amnios  Gnecos  Latinofque  oratores  freqaenliffime. 
And  again,  ex  loco  transfiruniur  in  locum  (verba)  ut  }un- 
ganlur,  *quo  congruuni  maxhne. 

2.  When  the  verb'  is  a  monofy liable,,  then  it  fhould 
not  take  the  laft  place  in "a'claufe  or  fentence  :  for  fuch 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  187 

words  fpoil  the  cadence,  making  it  fudden  and  abrupt ; 
which,  unlefs  occafion  requires  it  to  be  ib>  fhould  be 
carefully  avoided.  Whether  the  cadence  ihould  be  foft 
and  harmonious,  or  grave  and  ferious,  it  muft  not  be 
abrupt.  Cicero  was  extremely  nice  and  exact  in  form- 
ing the  latter  part  of  his  periods,  fo  choofmg  and  plant- 
ing his  words,  that  his  fentences  might  eaiily  and  gra- 
dually come  to  their  clofe.  For,  as  Quinctilian  obferves, 
though  there  mould  be  harmony  in  the  whole,  yet  that 
harmony  is  mod  needed,  and  the  effect  of  it  moil  evi- 
dent, in  the  clofe  :  Magis  tamen  et  dfideraiur  in  claufulu  ei 
apparet  (numerus.)     . 


p* 


Rule   5. 

REPOSITIONS  ufually  precede  the  cafes   go- 
erned  by  them." 


EXAMPLES. 


Eo  in  urlem.      Sub  judlce  lis  eft.       Pofc  fata  quiefcit. 

Nunquam  lrbertas  gratior  ex  tat, 
Quamyi/i  rege  pio. 

EXCEFTIONS. 

This  rule  is  contrary  to  the  general  maxim  of  placing 
the  word  governed  before  the  word  which  governs  it; 
yet  the  cafe  itfelf  is  fo  far  congruous  to  the  general  po- 
sition, that  there  is  no  rule  which  has  mere  exceptions 
titan  the  p  relent. 

1.  V erf  US)  towards ■,  is  fet  after  its  cafe  ;  as  Londinum 
verfus,  towards  London. 

2.  Tenus,  as  far  as,  is  fet  after  its  cafe,  whether  that 
cafe  be  an  ablative  or  genitive  ;  as  Porta-  tenus  ;  annum 
tenus. 

3.  Penes,  in  the  power  of  may  follow  its  cafe  ;  as  Om- 
nia adfunt  bona,  quern  penes  ejl  <virtus.      Plaut. 

4.  Ufque,  even  to,  or  as  far  as,  whether  with  or  .  with- 
out a  concomitant  particle1,  is  elegantly  fet  after  its  cafe  ; 
as  Romam  ufque  ;  ad  Romtim  ufque  ;  trans  Alpes  ufque  ;  alt 
Athenls  ufque. 


x83  AN  INTRODUCTION   TO 

5.  Cum,  with,  is  commonly  fet  after  thefe  words,  me, 
te,fe,  quo,  qua,  qui,  qu'ibus,  nobis  and  vobls ;  as  mecum,  te- 
cum, &ta 

In  ihort,  there  is  hardjy  any  preposition  which  may 
not  be  iometimj;  found  after  its  cafe.  Here  follow  a 
few  initances  more  rare  than  the  foregoing  : 

Tempora  circum.      Virj.      Pocuhi  circum.      Luc  ret, 

Quern  contra.      Cic.      Populo  coram.     Suet. 

Specula  de  mentis.      Virg.      Montibus  in  noitris.     Id. 

SiiiJ'ia  in  contraria.    V'irg.      $hiercus  inter  et  iiices.     Her. 

Corpore  pro  Nymphae.     Ov.      Me  fine.     Virg. 

VitWs  tivcnojtne  nafcitur.  Hor.  Majfd  latuere/}/Z»  id- 
fi.     Ov, 

Fluclus  fubter  labere  Sicanos.  Virg.   Membra  fiber.   Luc 

Scopulum  fupcr.    Ph<eJ.      JrLtc  fuper  impofuit.    Ov. 

£>jos  ultra  cltra  qae.      Hor.      Mortem  all  quid  ultra  eft  r 

Sen. 

Thefe  liberties,  ufed  both  by  profe  writers  and  poets, 
the  learner  may  adopt,  to  aifut  metre  in  verfe,  and  at 
all  times  for  euphony,  or  emphaiis. 


Rule    6.      Fuji  Concord. 

u  rTH  HE  finite  verb  is  ufually  placed  after  its  nomina- 
\      tive   cafe,    fomethnes  at  the   diftance  of  many 

Word*" 

Though  we  have  feen  this  very  fully  exemplified  in 
former  rules,  yet  this  pofition  of  the  verb  with  refpedc 
to  its  nominative  cafe,  or  rather  the  pofition  of  the  no- 
minative cafe  itfelf,  has  not  been  yet  diftinctly  attended 
to  :  and  they  who  in(truc~t  children,  know  the  danger  of 
leaving  any  thing  to  be  gathered  by  inference,  however 
.obvious.  It  is  neceflary  moreover  to  propofe  this  rule, 
as  it  affords  an  opportunity  of  looking  into  its  exceptions, 
which  are  important. 

This  rule,  in  other  words,  i s,  The  nominative  cafe  is  com* 
monly  fet  before  its  verb. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  Mors  omnibus  eft  communis.     Cic. 
%.  Sylla  omnes  fuos '-divi'tiis  expkv.it. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  iS<j 

}.  Amor  mifccri  cum  timore  non  foteft, 

EXCEPTIONS. 

1.  In  very  fliort  fentences  the  nominative  cafe  is  nc- 
quently  let  after  the  verb  ;  us,  "  Quare,  patres  conferip- 
ti,  fecedant  hnprobL"  Clc,  tuOeciJus  eft  cum  liber  is  Mar- 
cus Fufoius,  confularii"  Id.  **  Crtjctt  in  dies  fmgulos 
boftlum  numerui."     Id     "  Ktfchdaniur  mufti."      Id. 

2.  And  in  longer  fentences,  to  improve  the  cadence, 
the  nominative  may  follow  the  verb  ;  obliques  and  infi- 
nitives, if  there  be  any,  being  (till  placed  foremoit,  ac- 
cording to  rules  t,  2  ;    as, 

"  Quoufque  tandem  abutere,  Catilina,  patientia  noftra  >' 
Quamdiu  etiam  furor  iite  tuus  nos  eludet  ?  Quern  ad 
flnem  £q{q  effrxnnta.  jafiabit  auddcia  ?"     Cic. 

Read  the  nominative  audacia  here  before  jatlabit,  ths 
cadence  will  be  ruined,  and  the  ear  will  immediately  de- 
termine that  it  is  very  properly  placed  after ;  whereas, 
if  you  read  furor,  the  other  nominative  after  eludd,  the 
ear  will  be  no  lefs  offended  there.  This  (hews,  that  on 
fuch  occafions  the  ear  is  to  be  confuked,  and  that  the 

}>roper  place  of  the  nominative  is  before  the  verb,  un- 
efs  harmony  require  it  to  be  after,  perfpicuity  at  the 
fame  time  allowing  it  to  be  fo. 

3.  Becaufe,  as  we  have  been  already  advifed,  the  ca- 
dence is  that  part  of  the  period  which  makes  moft  im- 
predion  on  the  mind ;  and  becaufe  fentences,  as  well  as 
difcourfes,  if  well  conftrucled,  will  ever  grow  more  em- 
phatic as  they  advance,  according  to  that  of  QuiiiclU 
Man,  Augeri  enhn  debent  fentent'ice  et  tnfurgere;  for  theie  rea^ 
fons,  if  in"  the  nominative  cafe  there  be  any  thing  that 
fhould  flrike  moil,  and  draw  much  attention,  the  cadence 
of  courfe  is  the  place  for  that  word  to  appear  in*;  as, 

M  Aderat  janitor  carcercs,  carnifex  protons,  mors  ter- 
ror que  fociorum  et  civium  Romano  rum,  llclor  Seftlus" 

Cic\  in  Vcr. 

Whoever,  fays  Monf.  Rollin  in  his  Belles  Lettres, 
fpeaking  of  this  paiTage,  whoever  fhould  puc  licfor  SJiius 
in  the  beginning,  would  fpoil  the  period.  The  dreadful 
apparatus  of  this  executioner,  this  carniftx,  as  Cicero  ra- 


too  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

peatedly  ftyles  him  in  his  pleadings  againft  Verres,  fliouli 
go  before  him. 

u  Qind  p atcm  ?  Contempumnc  me  ?  Non  video,  nee 
in  vita,  nee  in  gratia,  nee  in  rebus  gefiis,  nee  in  hac  mea 
medioeritate  ingenii,  quid  iefoicere, poffh  jtitomusJl 

Clc.  Philip.  2. 

Cicero  moaned,  that,  of  all  the  people  in  the  world, 
the  hill  was  Antony,  to  whom,  on  any  fcore  of  merit, 
he  (faould  expect  to  he  an  object  of  contempt.  He  has 
clearly  fhewn  his  meaning,  by  placing  Jnlonlus  in  the 
cadence  ;  and  by  the  fame  pofition  of  that  word  he  has 
iully  exprefled  his  own  contempt  of  Antony. 

"  Hafta  pofita  pro  aede  jovis  Statoris  bona  CnH  Pompeii: 
(miferum  me  !  confumptis  enim  lacrymis,  tamen  injheus 
animo  baret  dolor!)  bona  inquam,  Cnxi  Pompeii  Magni 
voci  acerbifiimie  fubjecta  prseconis."     uie.  Philip.  2. 

Cicero  upbraids  Antony  with  the  cruel  and  fhameful 
manner  in  which  he  had  infulted  Pompey  the  Great,  the 
champion  of  Roman  liberty,  and  more  than  once  the 
faviour  of  the  ftate.  Antony  had  confiscated  the  goods, 
of  that  illuftrious  Roman,  and  had  even  expofed  them 
to  fale  at  public  auction.  Now  It  was  not  the  auction, 
(haf  a  pofita)  nor  the  place  where  the  au&ion  was  holden, 
(pro£ae  Jovis  Statoris)  but  the  bona  Cn$i  Pompeity  it  being . 
Pompey's  goods  that  were  fo  diflionoured  ;  this  was  the 
circumibance  by  which  Cicero  would  inflame  the  fenate 
with  indignation  againft  his  adverfary  ;  and  therefore, 
with'  great  judgment,  this  nominative  and  its  adjuncts 
(bona  Gnal  Pompeii)  conclude  the  firft  fentence. 

In  that  charming  parcntliefis,  again,  how  admirably 
does  the  nominative  dolor  ftrike  the  laft  blow,  that  it 
might  thereby  be  Infxus,  enftamped  and  rooted,  as  in? 
the  fpeaker's  own  mind,  fo  alio  in  the  breafl  of  his  au- 
dience !  And  finely,  if  there  be  any  thing  in  the  por- 
tion of  words,  dolor  is  meft  critically  planted  here,  whe- 
ther t\\%  orator  had  in  view  to  kindle  the  like  paffion  in 
tlie  bofoms  of  the  conicript  fathers,  or  to  teftify  his  own 
fixed  refentment  at  fuch  indign  ufage  of  Pompey ;  and 
that,  though  he  did  not  weep  indeed,  his  tears  being  all. 
cxhaufted,  there  (till  remained  in  his  mind  that  which 
was  inextricable,  and  which  would  gore  him  to  the  laft — 
indigiiant  grief» 


THE  MAKING  OT  LATIN.  191 

But  in  the  cadence,  at  the  clofe  of  the  whole  parage, 
jive  find  fraebnisy  not  bona  Cn*if  <3cc.  and  that  with  pecu- 
liar   propriety.      The    dignity    of  the    pcribnage    here 

fpoken  of  had    Been    already  fufficiently  attended    to. . 
Pompey  once  critically  named,  and  every  thing  being  * 
gained  that  could  be  from  the  refpeft   which  the  feaate 
entertained  for  that  character,  (here,  however,  and  not 

before,  moil  feafonably  amplified  by  the  ftyle  and  epi- 
thet of  Magni)  it  was  the  artful  management  of  Cicero 
to  give  moil  force  now  to  that  aggravating  term  prxco- 
.tiis,  the  common  crier,  the  inftrument  of  Antony  in  pro- 
failing  Pompey's  honour. 

"  Stat  fua  cuique  dies"      V*rg* 

More  than  the  meafure  of  the  verfe,  the  natural  im- 
portance' of  this  nominative  dies  here,  that  fatal  day,  is 
happily  accorded  to  by  its  being  there  placed,  where  it 
muit  needs  make  the  lad  and  mod  fenhble  impreiHon  on 
the  reflecting  mind.  Tranfpofe  thefe  words,  thus, 
Cuique  dies  fuajlat. 

Here  is  no  falfe  quantity,  but  the  verfe  much  deform- 
ed ;  becaufe  dies  is  fpoiled  of  its  dignity  by  that  too  fpcedy 
tranfition  which  mud  now  be  made  to  the  words  that 
follow.  So  much  in  writing  may  be  loll  or  won  by  the 
poiition  of  a'fingle  word;  and  fo  much  may  be  effected 
by  a  well-judged  cadence.  Srepe  famen  ejl  vehemens  alkp.is 
fenfus  in  verb/)  ;  quodji  in  media  parte  fftitentla  latet,  iranjiri 
iutentione,  et  obfeurari  circumjacentibus  foiei  ;  in  cJavfuia  pofitu.n 
ajfignatur  auditor},  et  infigiiur,      Qjduu. 

4.  The  nominative  cafe  is  properly  let  after  its  verb, 
when  it  (the  nom.)  is  the  antecedent  to  a  relative  that 
cannot  well  come  before  that  verb,  nor  yet  by  the  in- 
tervention of  other  words  be  feparated  from  its  antece- 
dent :  As,  in  Cicero, 

"  Lucius  Ritforius  Cadinas  fecit  h^rcdem.  Et  qui- 
dem  vide,  quam  tc  amavit  is,  qui  albus  aterve  fueris  lg- 
norans,  fratris  filium  prssteriit  !" 

This  is  a  farcafm  of  Cicero  again  ft  Antony,  who  had 
boalled  of  his  having  been  named  as  heir  in  more  wills 
than  Cicero  ever  was.  Cicero  allows  this  ;  but  accounts 
for  it.  He  infmuates,  that  Antony  had  forged  many 
of  the  wills,  in  which  he  had  been  fo  greatly  favoured* 


i92  A!-  INTRODUCTION  TO 

Lucius  Rubiiu.s  of  Cadmum,  fays  he,  made  you  his  heir, 
ixi  preference  to  his  own  nephew ;  a  ftrange  inftance  of 
affection  this  in  one  who"  knew  notning  of  you  !  In 
this  paflage  is^  the  .nominative  to  amqviti  is  the  antece- 
t  dent,  and  qui  the  relative  :  Is  is  the  pretended  tcftator, 
qui  aihus  aierviy  t*fc.  the*circumftance  by  which  it  mould 
ieem  that  he  w*as  only  a  pretended  teftator,  that  is,  the 
antecedent.  Is,  'tonvfWm  Antony  became  heir,  and  the 
relative  qui,  to  whom  Antony  was  never  known,  denote 
the  fame  m:ift.**X)f  courfe,  the  inconfiftency,  which 
Cicero  alludfs  to,-  is  ftrcngthened  and  made  more  fla- 
grant  by  thofe  two  members  of  the  period,  is,  qui,  being 
thus  united  ;  but  united  they  could  not  be,  if  the  nomi- 
native ix  were  placed  before  amav/t ;  for  if  it  were  fo 
placed,  the  relative  qui  could  not  accompany  it  without 
entirely  mutilating  and  diimembering  the  whole  tex- 
ture of  the  fentence. 

From  all  that  has  been  faid  under  this  rule,  there  are 
three  inferences  to  be  drawn  : 

i.  That  a  judicious  pofition  of  words  mightily  con- 
duces to  the  itrength  and  beauty  of  a  difcourfe  :  hence 
the  importance  of  theft  rules. 

2.  That  fpccial  care  fhould  be  had  to  form  an  cafy, 
flowing  and  harmonious  cadence.         V.  infra  R.  15. 

3.  That  into  the  cadence  mould  be  thrown  (fo  it  be 
done  with  perfpicuity  and  order)  not  only  a  nominative 
cafe,  but  any  Other  word,  which,  being  of  extraordinary 
import,  may  by  that  pofition  he  let  off  to  advantage, 
and  obtain  its  due  weight*  Thus  .Cicero,  in  the  exam- 
ple above,  gave  great  ftrenglh  to  pnrconis  by  fetting  it  in 
the  cadence,  whereas  in  its  natural  place  before  voc't  acer- 
hijjtma  that  avord  would  have  been  loft  almoft  in  infigni- 
flcance.  And  thus,  when  Q-uinctilian  in  his  chapter  de 
Ccmpofiiicnc,  fpcaking  of  the  cadence,  would  give  an  in- 
ftance of  ft  very  fine  one,  he  chofe  one  from  Cicero's  fe- 
cond  -Philippic,  confiding  of  the  adverb  poftridte. — 
"  Quale  eft  illud  Ciceronis  ;  Ut  tlli  neceffe  effrt  in  confpeBu 
Populi  Reman*  vctmve  pofriaie.  Transfer  hoc  ultimum, 
minus  valebit.  Nam  -tot-lus  ductus  hie  eft  quafi  mucro  : 
ut  per  fe  -fadx  vome-ndi  neceffitati  (jam  nihil  ultra  ex- 
rpeclantit>us)  hanc  quoque  adjiccret  deforrnitatem,  ut  ci- 


T&E  MAKING  O'F  LATIN.  193 

bus  teiicri  non  pbfiet  pa/tridie.     To  vomit  after  wxhjs  be- 
travs  intemperance  :   but  to  retch 

d 


trufie  in  th;s  parage  ;  and  the  reafon  of  its  appearing  in 
the  cadence,  there  nicely  planted  to  badge  Antony  with 
the  deformed  and  beiiial  character  of  a  drunkai  i. 


T® 


Rule    7. 

HE  adjective  or  participle  is  commonly  placed 
iter  the  fubftantrve  with  which  it  agrees." 


EXAMPLES. 


1.  "  Ah  eo  ordiri  volui  maxime,  quod  et  atat't  tut 
cffel  arJtiflimurri,  et  autiorttati  mea."      6ur. 

2.  u  Rebus  pnefentibus  adjungit  atque  anneclit  futu* 
rkM     Id. 

3-  H  Vitae  curium  videt,  ad  eamque  degendam  prse- 
parat  res  neceffdrias"      Id. 

4.  "  Generi  animantiurn  omni  eft  a  natura  tributum,  ut 
fe,  vitam,  corpufque  tueatur."  .    Id. 

5.  u  Amb'iito  major  :  vita  triflicr."     Id» 

EXCEPTIONS. 

1.  To  avoid' a  difagreeable  concurrence  of  vowel ij 
there  may  be  frequent  occafion  to  fet  the  adjective  be- 
fore its  fubftantive  :  •&%,'"  I nnuba  puella  ; — h<e  d'fciplinte" 
See  other  iiiftahces  under  the  following' exception. 

2.  In  Cicero  the  adjeclive  often  precedes  the  fubftan- 
tive  when  the  latter* c^rffifts"  of  more  fyllables  than  the 
former,  efpeciail'y  if  trfe  adjeclive  be  a' very'  fliort  word, 
and  the  lubilahtive  ;  as,  "  Wa  d{f}pllnx  igitur  ; 
hoc  -crimed ;  tii'ag:\<?  <•;  .  v  ; x nUa officii  pracepta ;  pro- 
pria eil  ea  przceptio  rnir  hoc  quidem  tern- 
pore,  et  hoi  in  avcjil'one  pctiiL;  Qudlo  2£t%- 
tem  confump:]."      Cic. 

Unlefs   there  are  manifert  re^ons*  for    the   dnint 
longer  words  ihould  generally  be  plated  ■:: 
b 


ip4  AN  INTRODUCTION    TO 

are  fhorter ;  for  when  polyfyllables  are  fucceeded  by 
iiiort  words,  efpecially  by  monofyllables,  the  lano-uage 
is  deformed  and  trunklefs.  The  bails  of  a  period  is  its 
cadence.  Claufula  eft  ftdcs  orationis,  fays  Quinctilian;  and 
as  a  wife  builder  will  be  careful  to  give  much  ftrength 
to  the  ground-work,  fo  good  compofition  requires  that 
long  words  do  in  general,  as  by  their  own  weight,  in- 
cline towards  the  cadence,  which  is  then  made  more 
gradual  ;  the  period  throughout  is  ftrengthened ;  and  by 
fuch  periods  the  whole  difcourfe  becomes  nervous  and 
fedate. 

3.  When  the  fubftantive,  with  which  the  adjective 
agrees,  has  a  genitive  cafe  depending  on  it,  the  adjective 
;is  better  placed  firit,  and  the  genitive  next,  the  fubftan- 
tive, on  which  the  genitive  depends,  being  fet  lafl  of  the 
three  ;  as,  "  His  ergo  fancliffimis  reipvtblicte  vocibus  pauca 
reipondebo."  Cic.  "  Nulla  cwm  vita  pars.." .  Id.  "  Illud 
forenfe  dicendi,  hoc  quietUm  difputandi  genus"  Id.  i;  Ulla~ 
cjficii  pracepia."     Id» 

4-  When  the  fubftantive,  with  which  the  adjective 
agrees,  is  itfelfa  genitive  cafe  governed  of  another  fub- 
ftantive ;  then  alio  the  adjective  may  be  firft  of  the  three, 
and  the  genitive,. according  to  R.  2,  before  the  fubftan- 
tive which  -governs  it ;  as,  "  Omnium  Gallorum  copia." 
"  Ut.par  fis  in  utriufque  orationis  facilitate."      Cic.  . 

5.  Sometimes  the  adjective  is  fet  before  the  fubftan- 
tive for  no  other  reafon  than  only  to  gratify  the  ear  : 
Bonus  puer.  Celer  equus.  Magnum  Jludium.  ■  Sumtmtm  bo- 
num» 

We  muft  not  think  fcorn  of  the  ear's  judgment,  to 
which  our  mafter,  Quinctilian,  makes  great  conceilions. 
Uptime  autem  de  ilia  [compofitione]  judicant  auret  ;  qua  et 
plena  fentiunt,  et  parum  expleta  dtftderant,  et  fragofts  offendun- 
tur,  ei  lenibus  mulcmtur^  et  contortis  excitantur>  et  Jlabilia  pro- 
bant)  elauda  deprel\ndunt,  redundantia  et  nimia  faftidiunt.  In- 
Jlit.  9,  4.  Nay,  the  ear,  he  fays,  is  fo  general,  fo  nice  a 
judge,  that  even  illiterate  perfons  thereby  are  charmed 
with  a  good  compofition,  though  they  cannot,  like  the 
fcholar,  account  for  the  pleafure  they  receive,  nor  give 
the  reafon  why.  Ideoque  docli  ratio nem  componendi  'mtelligunt, 
etiam  iadocji  yoluptatcm.     Ibid.     By  all  means  therefore  let 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  195 

tfie  learner  confult  his  ear,  repeating  to  himfelf  again 
and  again  the  lame  words  in  divers  pofitions,  always 
•however  within  the  prefcript  of  rules  ;  and  by  degrees 
ufe  will  enable  him  to  afcertain  the  right  pofition,  quoad 
numerunu 


Rule    8. 


U  rT^  ^-^  relative  is  commonly  placed  after  the   ante- 
JL      cedent  with  which  it  agrees." 

EXAMPLES. 

i.  "  Cognosces  ex  -  lis  Uteris-.,  quas  liberto  tuo  &tdu" 

Cic. 
z.  Male  fecum  agit  ager,  medicum  qui  haeredem  facitv 

EXCEPTIONS. 

I.  Monf.  Lancelot,  in  his  New  Method,  iffc.  well  ob- 
ferves,  that  the  relative  qui,  iffc.  mould  generally  be  con- 
Udered  as  between  two  cafes  of  the  fame  fubftantive  ; 
and  then  by  the  third  concord  it  agrees  with  the  forego- 
ing fubftantive,  as  the  true  antecedent,  in  gender,  num- 
ber and  perfon  ;  by  the  fecond  concord,  with  the  fol- 
lowing fubftantive,  in  cafe,  gender  and  number.  Thefe 
two  fubftantive s  are  fometimes  actually  expreiTed,  both 
the  one  and  the  other  ;  as,  "  Bellum  tantum,  quo  hello  om~ 
nes  premebantur,  Pompeius  confecit."  Cic.  "  Ultra 
eum  locum,  quo  in  loco  Germani  confederant."  Caf.  "  Di- 
em inftare,  quo  die  frumentum  militibus.metiri  oporteret," 
Id.  Csefar,  a  mod  exacl  writer,  was  fond  of  this  phrafe  ; 
'  and  it  mould  always  be  adopted,  when  without  it  there 
may  be  any  danger  of  ambiguity,  as  the  following  in- 
fiance  will  lliew  ;  "  Leodamantem,  Cleophili  difcipulum, 
qui  Cleophilus,  t$c"  ApuL  If  Cleophilus  had  not  been  re- 
peated, qui  might  erroneoufiy  be  referred  to  Leodamantem, 
Inftead  of  the  true  antecedent  Cleophili.  Thus  much  it 
was  neceffary  to  premife  for  a  right  under  (landing  of 
what  follows. 


i?6  AN  INTRODUCTION  T0 

Of  thefe  two  cafes,  between  which  the  relative  is  faii 
to  ftand,  that  which  follows  the  relative  is  ufuaily  omit- 
ted, the  other,  the  true  antecedent,  is  more  commonly 
expreffed,  and  from  hence  arifes  the  prefent  rule. 

But  it  happens  fcmetimes,  and  elegantly,  that  the  true 
antecedent  is  omitted,  and  the  following  cafe  expreffed, 
which,  though  in  fact  no  exception  to  the  rule,  yet  ap- 
pears to  be  fo,  and  muK  be  attended  to  accordingly. — 
Here  are  inilances  of  this  apparent,  though  no  real,  ex- 
ception : 

1.  "  Nemini  credo,  qui  dives  blanditur  pauperl." 
The  full  expreftion  would  be,   Nemini  cliviti  credo,  qui 

dives,  &c. 

2.  "  Populo  at  placerent,  quas  feci  ffet  fibulas."    Ter. 
Pcpulo  ut  ilia  fabulg  placer ent,  quas  fecijfet  f abides. 

3.  f  Illi,  fcripta  quibus  comcedia-  prifca  viris  eiL" 

Hon 
Illi  vh  ;,  fcripta  quibus  comcedia  prifca  viris  ejl.    > 

4.  "  Atque  alii,  quorum  comcedia  prifca  virorum  eft." 
Atqut  alii  wW,  quorum,  l£c.  virorum,  ejl.  \Idk 

5.  Ci'jus  odorem  old  neoueas  perfcrre 


Ccrnu  ipfe  bilibri 
Caulibiis  inftillaU     LL 
Ipfe  cortiu  bilibri  injiillat  caulibus  oleum,  cujus  old,  life. 
The  learner  now  perceives  in  what  manner  the  ante- 
cedent may  feem  to  be  placed  after  the  relative  ;  the  an- 
tecedent, in  truth,  being  underftood,  and  the  other  cafe, 
which  is  commonly  omitted,  being  in  fuch  phrafes  ex- 
preiTed. 

But  this  other  cafe,  this  fecond  fubftantive,  which  ufu- 
aily follows  the  relative,  may  be  placed,  as  by  the  poets 
it  often  is,  before  the  relative,  the  true  antecedent  being 
ftill  underftood  ;  as, 

1.  Urbem  quhm  ftatuo,  veftra  eft.      Virg. 

Here  urbem  is  evidently  the  fubjuncliye  noun,  elfe  it 
would  not  be  in  the  ace.  cafe,  the  full  fenterice  being, 
II dec  urbs,  quam  urbem  Jlatuo,  veflra  ejl, 

2.  Eunuchum  quern  dedifti  nobis,  quas  turbas  dedit  \ 
IJle  eunuchus,  quern  eun'ucJjum,  fSc.  '  '  \jTer. 

3.  Naucreatem  quern  con  venire  volui,  in  navi  non   erat> 

IPlaut- ' 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  197 

Niiucreates,  quern  Naucreatem,  &c. 

Thus  explained,  many  paflagcs  in  the  Latin  authors 
will  be  as  eafy  as  they  are  elegant  ;  while,  for  want  of 
this  obvious  resolution,  they  have  been  thought  very  dif- 
ficult, as  particularly  that  of  Plautus  above  has  perplex- 
ed many  commentators, 

2.  A  real  exception.  The  relative  may  be  placed  be- 
fore its  antecedent,  when  for  any  fufficient  reafon  it  can- 
not Be  fet  immediately  after  it,  and  then  no  where  after  it, 
much  lefs  a  great  diftance  after  it,  without  ambiguity. 
See  this  illuftrated,  under  the  next  rule,  in  the  example, 
u '  Ha::  qui  faculty  &c" 


T 


Rule  9. 

1  HE  relative  is  placed  as  near  to  the   antecedent 
as  poflibk," 


EXAMPLES.* 

1»  The  reafon  of  this  rule  is,  that  the  connection  be- 
.'V'?en  the  relative  and  antecedent  (the  clue  many  times' 
of  the  whole  period)  may  be  kept  as  clear  and  as  free 
from  obfeurity  as  poiTible.  According  to  this  rule,  ma- 
ny words  rnu ft  not  (land  betwixt  the  relative  and  ante- 
cedent; for  by  fuch  a :  Reparation  the  ligature  or  tie  of 
thefe  two.  important  members  of  the  period  may  be 
weakened,  perhaps  deflroyed ;  nor  may  we  place  !e- 
tween  them  any  word  at  all,  -which  from  fuch  a  political 
may  be  miftaken  for  the  antecedent. 

u  Noti  ego  euin  cum  fumrr.is  viris  comparo,  f&d  Cmil- 
lktitirri  Deo  judico,  hie  qui  facia't."' 

.Here  ewn  is  the  antecedent  to  $Uf9  but  that  does  r  ot 
appear  fo  diltinctly  as  it  ought,  not  only  becaufe  there 
are  very  improperly  two  perfonal  verbs,  two  whole  fen* 
tences,  between  this  relative  and  its  antecedent  ;  but  alib: 
becaufe,  as  qui  now  frauds,  Deo  may  be  erronecufly  tak:  n' 
for  the  antecedent,  and  no  unmeaning  fentence  be  made' 
of  it.  Therefore  Cicero,  whofe  words  thefc  are,  did  net' 
fo  arrange  them.     But,  unwilling  by  the  interpofition  of  - 


i9# 


AN  INTRODUCTION    TO 


hac  qui  facial,  where  the  relative  lies,  to  feparate  eum, 
which  is  the  antecedent,  from  thofe  terms  of  honour, 
cum  fumm'is  iiris  ccmparo,  fed  fimiUimum  Deo  judico,  with 
which  Julius  Ccefar,  the  perfon  meant  by  eum,  was  to  he 
complimented,  and  at  the'  fame  time  cautious  to  avoid 
that  ambiguity  with  which  the  above  condemned  por- 
tion of  qui  would  be  attendedj  he  marihalled  his  words 
after  this  manner  ; 

"  Hsec  qui  faciat,.non  ego  eum  cum  fummis  viris  com- 
paro,  fed  fimillimum  Deo  fadSc©.* 

The  natural  polkion  of  the  relative  is  after  the  ante- 
cedent, certainly.  But  here  a  political  reafon  excluding 
qui  from  the  place  next  after  cum,  there  remained  but 
this  alternative,  viz.  to  place  qui  ft  ill  after  its  antece- 
dent, but  at  fuch  a  dirt  an ce'  as  to  create  an  ambiguity  ; 
cr  elfe  to  fet  it  before  its  antecedent,  bringing  it  as  near 
as  poftlble  that  way,  contrary  to  the  ufual  form  indeed, 
but  without  rxfktng  the  fenfe.  Cicero  preferred  the  lat- 
ter ;  teaching  us,  that  perfpicuity  in  language  is  of  fo 
much  importance,  that  fafhion,  even  rules  themfelves, 
however  elegant  and  ufeful  on  general  occafions,  muft 
yield,  when  a  too  fcrupulous  obfervance  of  them  would 
counteract  or  ohfcure  the  meaning  of  a  difcoune. 

2.  "  Mea  quidem  fententia,  paci  femper  eft  confulen- 
dum.,, 

This  fmtence  has  in  it  no  relative,  and  might,  for 
ought  the  prefcnt  rule  has  to  do  with  it,  be •  indifferently 
expreiled  as  it  %  or, 

Paci  mea  quidem  fententia  femper  eft  cdnfukndem. 
|  '        "  "  •  Or, 

Mea  quidem  fententia  femper  eft.  ccnfulendum  paci. 

Semper  eft  confulendum  paci  mea. quidem  fententia. 

Here  for  paci  you  have  the   choice  of/four^pontions  : 
it  may  be  either  the  firft  word,  of  the'laft  ;'or  it  may  he 
fet   between  fcttisrifcd  and  f  viper,   cv.  between  ccr 
and,  mea.      But  ihould  paci  \>i  an  antecedent  to  a  relative,  . 
the  poution  will  be  no  longer  arbrit-ary  ;  but  af  tr  paci,^ 
wherever  it  be  placed,  and  as  fc on  after  as  pcffibleV  mufti 
come  the  relative  and  its  adjuncl.     Accordingly,  Cicero 
wrote  thus. 


THE  MAKING  QJJj  LATIN.  i9l> 

"  Mea  quidem.  fimtentiu,  pfl(},  qua:,n\h}l  LaLlurafit  hi/idi- 
arum,  Temper  eft  cbiifulenduwu" 

Now  paci  the  antecedent,  anc[.  ggg  the  relative,  are 
hand'  in  hand,  as  they  ought  to  be  ;  and  the  relation  be- 
tween them  is  evident.      But  fuppofe  it  had' been  tr  \f 

"  Paci,  mea  quidem  fententia,  qua:,  nihil,  habitura.  'fit 
infidi'ariim,  femper  eft  c©nluien9um/      Dr, 

"  Paci  Temper  eil  confulendum,  mea  quidem  fenten- 
tia, quas  nihil  habitura  fit  in^diarum.,,     Or, 

"  Mea  quidem  fententia,  quae,  nihil  habitura.  fit  iniidi- 
arum,   paci  femper  eft  confulendum." 

In  each  of  thefe  three  p.ofitions,  fxitcntia<  ajTumes  the/ 
appearance  of,  and  may_.be  taken  ^of,  the  antecedent,  as, 
well  as  pad.  Hence  the  neceiiky,  of  the.  r.ule„ ;  and  thej 
impropriety  of  placing  between  the  antecedent  and  the. 
relative  many  words,  or  even  a  Angle,  word,  that  may,, 
bear  the  appearance  of  the  former. 

To  this  rule  there  is  no  exception.  For,  as  it  is  not, 
{aid,  that  the  relative  ihall  always,  follow  the.  anteccr 
dentj  bnt  that  it  fhould  be  as  iieartojt.  as.  pofiible,  and 
this  with  a  view  to  perfpicuity  ;  I  know  not  on  what  oc- 
caiion  the  contrary  may  he  re  qui  Ike,  other  than  to  per- 
plex, one's  language,  and  the  mind, of  him  to  whom  the, 
difcourfe  is  made  :  but  this,  whether  it  be  adopted  in 
the  pulpit,  by  the  hiftorian,  in  the  fenate-houfe,  or  at  the 
bar,  is  the  tricky  of  foil y^  the  iubterfuge  of  a.  knave  in  a 
bad  caufe. 


MISCELLANEOUS   RULES. 


Rule    to,     Advfrls^ 

H    A  ^VERBS^are  placed  belo:e,   rather  than    aiier , 
XjL  the  words  to  which  they  belong. y> 

EXAMPLE. 

"   Hoc  tantum  helium,  tarn  turpe^  tarn  vetust.tamjat}  dl-: 
vtjvm  sfiKj[ufe;  'di^Hum,'Tqfifi^T»&?SI^  ^wiihyirihir*  aut  ab 


i&$  AN"  INTRODUCTION  TO 

omnibus  imperatoribus  uno  anno,  aut  omnibus  annis  ab 
uno  imperatcre  confici  poffe."     Clc 

Obferve  in  this  example,  how  tam  is  placed,  not  after, 
but  before,  turpe%  and  then  again  before  vefui,  and  again 
tarn  before  late,  and  alfo  tain  late  before  divifum,  and  un- 
quam  before  arbitrarelur  ;  each  before  the  word  it  modi- 
fies. 

EXCEPTION 

'  When  a  particular  emphafis  lies  on  the  adverb,  and 
the  idea  which  it  is  dellgned  to  raifeis  very  important, 
it  may  then  potfibly  be  placed  rather  after  than  before 
the  word  to  which  it  is  attached,  according  to  what  has 
been  before  inculcated,  under  the  exceptions  to  the  fixth 
rule,  of  placing  thofe  words  lad,  or  near  to  the  cadence, 
by  which  words  it  is  intended  that  the  perfon  addreiled 
fhall  be  moil  affected.  There  alfo  we  meet  with  that 
admirable  inftance  of  this  exception,  taken  from  Cicero, 
and  fa  much  commended  by  Quinctiltan  ;  viz. 

"  Ut  tibi  neceiTe  eifet  in  confpectu  Fopuli  Rcmani 
i)o mc re  p9jlttdi&" 

The  great  importance  of  this  adverb  fojlrul'ie  has  been 
already  explained  j  it  is  therefore  fufticient  to  repeat 
here,  that  becaufe  of  its  importance  it  is  placed  after  the 
verb  Vomersc 

"  LibertaGque  .recurrentes  accepta  per-annos 

u  Luft  amdb'ditcr  :  donee  jam  faevus,  See."     Hor. 

The  petition  of  amab'rilier  after  lufit  is  fortunately  con- 
trived to  fet  oil  die  innocent  and  pleaiant  raillery  of  the 
old  Fuftic  bards  in  their  convivial  amufements,  and 
greatly  ftrengthtns  the  antithefis  between  that  harmlcfs 
festivity  and  the  iafolent  affectation  of  wit,  of  which  Ho- 
race complains,  and  which  in  time  was  carried  to  fuch 
an  indecent  height  of  licentioufnefs  and  rancour,  that 
A.  U.  C.  302,  U  was  made  a  capital  offence  to.  fina  or 
cempofe  any  defamatory  verfes. 


Rule    ir.     Adverbs* . 

u     A    DVERBS  are  in  general  placed  immediately  bc- 
jLX.  fore  the   words   to  which  they  belong  ;    no  ex- 
traneous words  coming  between.'* 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  tfi 


FXAMPLKS. 


"  Hoc  tantuni  pellum,  tarn  turpe,  tain  vetus,  tarn  late  du 
vifum  atque  difperfum,  qure  tmquam'a'rFitraretury&fi*"  Cic. 

The  adverbs /v/,v/,  famy.tam  faff*  ;md  wguatn,  come  not 
only  before,  hut  n/ .icJiately  before,  the  words  modified 
by  them. 


FX  CATION. 

When  the  word,  to  which  the  adverb  belongs,  has 
another  word  or  words  depending  gu  it;  fucb  other  words 
are  not  extraneous,  and' ought  to  come  next  before  the 
word  which  governs  them,  the  adverb  being  placed  firft 
of -all. 

Quae  civitas  antea  unquam  fait,  non  dico  Athenien- 
fium,  quae  fatis  late  quondam  mare  tennijjc  dieitur  ;  -non 
Carthaginienfmm,  qui  permuliiri  claffe  maritimifque  rfe- 
hus  valuer unt ;  non  Rhodiorum;  quorum ■  u (que  ad  nof~ 
tram  memoriam  difciplina  navi-lis  et  gloria  remanfit : 
quae  civitas  antea  unquam  tarn  tenuis,  quae  tarn  parva  infu- 
Idfuit,  quae  non  portus  fuos  et  agros,  et  aliquam.  partem 
regionis  atque  orae  maritime  per  fe  ipfa  defnderet  r"  Cic*.. 

Here  both  the  rule  and  the  exception  are  exemplified; 
feveral  times  :  Let  us  obferve  how. 

Antea  and  unquam  belong  to  fuit,  and  are  fet  immedi- 
ately before  it,  there  being  no  words  depending  on  fuit 
to  intervene.  On  the  like  account  non  is  let  immediately 
"before  duo. 

The  adverbs  fatis,  late,  quondam,  are  all  attached  to  the 
verb  tenu'iffe,  and  come  before  it,'  but  not  immediately  be- 
fore, becaufe  of  mare,  which,. h~ing  governed  of  tenu'J}\ 
mud  therefore  come  between.  So  permultwn  is  fet  be- 
fore valuerunt,  but  not  immediately  before  it,  becaufe  of 
clqj/l  m-ir'itjmfque  rebus  ;  which  words  being  governed  by 
vdluermit  mult  themfelves  have  fcfts  immediate  prece- 
dence. Antea  unquam,  farther  on,  belong  to  fuit,  and  are 
placed  before  it,  but  not  immediately  before,  becaufe 
that ■  pofltion  re'ongs  to  tarn  tenuis,  fcfig,  which  words  de- 
pend on  fuit,  and  therefore  clajm  the  irumediate  prece* 
deuce. 


i6i  AN  INTRODUCTION*  Ttf 

Tarn  comes  immediately  before  tenuis  to  which  it  be- 
longs, and  again  tarn  immediately  before parva,  becaufe 
there  are  no  words  depending  on  tenuis  and  parva  to  in- 
tervene. 

In  the  latter  part  of  this  example  (qu<z  non  partus,  Iffc^J 
the  adverb  non  belongs  to  the  verb  deftnderet,  and  is  ac- 
cordingly placed  before  it,  but  not  immediately  before 
it ;  there  are  fourteen  words  between  ;  which  words  be- 
ing all  governed  of,  or  ItricUy  connected  with,  defenders^ 
muit  come  nearer  to  it  than  a  lets  important  particle  \ 
and  therefore,  according  to  the  exception,  that  particle, 
the  adverb  non,  mint  fraud  at  a -greater  diftance.  / 

From  this  poiition  of  non  with  defendcrct,  fee  the  im- 
portance of  the  tenth  rule,  which  rehires  that  adverbs 
be  placed  before  the  words  they  modify,  rather  than  af- 
ter. Rather  than  violate  that  rule,  by  putting  an  ad- 
verb after  the.  word  to  which  it  belongs;  and  at  the 
fame  time  to  abide  by  what  the  exception  to  this  eleventh 
•  rule  directs,  Cicero  would  put  non  before  defenderet, 
though  at  the  diitance  of  fourteen  words.  .  So  delicate,, 
fo  ferupulous,  is  the  genius  of  the  Latin  tongue. 


Rule    t2. 

m  IGITUR,  Qutem,  en'nn,  etiam,  are  very  feldom  placed 
fir  ft  .in  a  claufe  or  fentence.     The  enclitics  que,  ne* 
wc,  are  never  placed  firit/' 

EXAMPLES. 

Igitur. 

i.  "  Quod  igft&r  in  caufa  qirarendum  eft,  &c.'*'     Clc* 
2.   "  Nee   promiiia  igitur  fervanda  funt  ea,  quae  fun t ' 
iis,  quibus  promiferis,  inutilia.,>      Id,  '    «  - 

Salluft  frequently  fets  igitur  firft  in  a  fentence,  as, 
"  Igitur  confiimato  animo,  Slc."  But  in  this  he  is  not 
to  be  imitated,  igitur  being  very  feldom  fo  placed  by 
other  writers.  Pareus,  in  his  Lexicon  Criticum,  fays  ol 
this  particle,  Elegantcr  in  media  oratione  coUncatur. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN. 


203 


Autem. 

The  fame  Parens  fays  of  autem,  Venufte  cclhcatur  in  me- 
dia fententia  ;  and  cites  this  inftance  from  Terence, 
*'  Quid  tn  autem,  afme,  hie  aufcultas  ?" 

IZnlm. 

"  Neqne  emm &os  folos,  &c."      Clc. 

TLnim  poft  duas  duiiones  fcepe  collocatur,  fays  Parens,  and 
produces  thefe  examples  from  Cicero  ;  "  Mihi  ante  eulm." 
"  Drufia  cupit  enlm  vendere."    Inanimum  e/l  enlm,  &c/3 

Efiam. 

1.  J1  Nondum  etlctm.  dixi,  quae  volui."      7"Vr. 

2.  "  At  juvenis -nihil  etiam  fequius  fufpicatus.       ApuL 

'git. 

"  Alcandrumjw^-Halium^^,  Noemona^,  Pritanin- 
quer      Gv.   . 

•  This  is  not  ne  the  negative  for  nov,  net/,  neudam,  Ssfa 
but  the  enclitic  for  rionne  ?  annon  ?  utriim  P  fef&  an  inter- 
rogative», and  generally  an  affirmative. 

i.   Datun/<?  ilia  Pamphilo  hodie nupturn  ?      Ter. 

2.  -Adeo;?'  me  ignavum  putas  ?  Id.   Adeony  for  adeone. 

3.  Juftitise/z*?  prius  miror,  belli/2<?  laborum  •?      F/Vf.  . 

,.  Si  quis  in  adverfum  rapiat  cafufw,  Deufiv.     Id. 

Thus  que,  ne,  <ve,  are  always  -attached  to  a  preceding 
word,  as.  if  a  part  of  the  fame,  and  are  even  uttered  as 
fuch  ;  as,  Deiifvc,  not  Deus  ve. 


Rule    13. 

«  ^l^AMEN  is  very  often  and  elegantly  placed    after 
•*■      the  firft,  fecond  or  third  WGrd  of  the  claufe  in 

which  it  (lands. " 

Tamen  elegant  er  in  fuie  fententia  collacatur.      Par  em* 

EXAMPLES. 

l.  Ineipiam  tamen.     TibulL 


04  AN  INTRODUCTION  TQ 

2.  Tu  moriere  tamen.      Proptvt* 

3.  Tu,  ii  tuis  blanditiis  tamen.     Cjc. 

EXCEPTION. 

Tamen  more  frequently  occurs  fir  ft  in  a  fentence  than 
igitur,  autem,  emm  and  etia?j*'d&-$  for  which  reafon  it  is 
here  fpoken  of  apart.  And  incjeed,  though  its  ufual  po- 
iition  is  as  the  .rule  fays,  yet,  when  the  claufe,  of  which 
tamen  is  a  member,  is  preceded  by  feme  weighty  circum- 
ftancc,  and  does  itfelf  alfo  advance  Something  as  weigh- 
ty, fomething,  which,  by  being  equally  true,  equally  im- 
portant, &c.  may  countervail1  the  other  ;  in  ihort,  when 
tamen  is  ufed  id  aver  any  thing,  very  ftrongly,  cum  ajfebe- 
ret.  valdc,  then  it  acquires-  a  peculiar  force  by  being  fet 
firft,  (b  exciting  and  arrefting  the  attention  to  what  fol- 
lows.     Of  this  here  are  three  examples  from  Cicero. 

1.  "  Tametfi  mihi  nihil  fuit  optatius,  qiiam'  ut  pri- 
mum  abs  te  ipfo,  deinde  a  ceteris  omnibus,  quam  gratif- 
fimus  erga  te  efte  cognofcerer ;  tamen  afflcior  fummo  do- 
lore,"  ejuimodi  tempora  poft  tuarn  profectionem  confecu- 
ta  e/Tc,  ut  et  meam,  et  caeterorum  erga  te  fidem  et  bene- 
volentiam  abfens  experiere."      Cic.  Ep.  ad  Jamil.  1,5. 

2.  "  Nam  etfi  minore  in  re  violatur  tua  1  dignitas, 
quarri  mea  falus  afflict  a  fit  ;  tamea[  eft  tanta'  fimilitudo, 
ut  fperem  te.mihi  ignoicere,  ft  ea.  non  timuerim,  quos  ne 
tu  quidem  unquam  timenda  duxifti."  Ep.  ad  /ami/.  I, 
6. 

3.  "  Quod  me  quodammo:do:nlo'lli  brachio  de  'Pdm- 
pe'ii  familiaritate!objurgas  :  nolim  ita  exiftimes,  me  mei 
praefuiii  caufa  cum  illo  conjunctum  eile,  &c. — —fed  ut 
ille  effet  melior,  et  aliquid  de  populari  levitate  depone- 
ret  ;  quern,  &c. — Quid*  fi  etiam  Ccsfarem,  cujus  nunc 
venti  valde  funt  fecundi,  reddo  meliorem  ?  Quinetiam, 
fi  mihi  nemo  invideret  ;  fi '  omfies,  ut  erat  ?:quum,  fave* 
rent  \  tamen  non  minus  eiiot  probanda  medicina,  qUJE  ia- 
naret  vitiofas  partes  reipublicse,  /^uam  qua?  exietaret." 
Ep.  ad  Ait.  2,  1. 


Rule    14. 

CONNECTED   words  ihould  go  together;  tfcit 
is,  they  may  not  be  feparated  from  each  other  by 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  205 

words  that  arc  extraneous,  and  have  no  relation  to 
them." 

There  is  nothing  in  this  rule  contrary  to  what  has 
been  advanced  in  foregoing  ones  ;  where,  efpecially  un- 
der the  third,  fourth,' and  hxth,  it  appeared,  that  words 
immediately  connected,  as  the  verb  and  nominative  cafe, 
the  word  governed  and  that  which  governs  it,  &c.  may 
be  feparat.ed  from  each  other  fo  far  as  to  admit  whole 
claufes  between  them  ;  for  thefe  words  thus  interpofed 
are  every  one  of  them  connected  with  one  another,  and 
with  thofe  between  which  they  lie  ;  fo  that  if  we  exa- 
mine the  longed  well-written  period,  it  will  be  found 
that,  in  the  exprefs  terms  of  this  rule,  connected  words 
go  together,  having  not  one  extraneous  word  between 
them. 

The  intent  of  this  rule  is,  to  fet  a  guard  againft  that 
inartificial  mixture  and  rude  jumble  of  words,  which 
boys  are  apt  to  fall  into  from  a  laudable  ambition  of 
writing  freely.  They  find,  that  in  the  Latin  tongue 
words  are  ieldom  confined  to  the  natural  order,  and 
therefore  they  fet  about  a  new  one  ;  but,  unacquainted 
with  the  laws  of  composition,  they  have  no  method  ;  and 
having  no  method,  they  have  recourfe  to  conjecture, 
their  prime  ccunfellor,  or  to  chance,  the  general  one,  for 
the  manner  in  which  they  are  to  write.  Hence  what  is 
thus  written  is  like  a  mafs  of  any  other  things,  which 
chance  might  throw  together,  fragofa  et  interrupta  oratio, 
as  Quinclilian  would  call  it,  cempofed  of  words  gather- 
ed well  enough  from  the  dictionary,  and  in  which  there 
may  not  be  what  is  commonly  called  falfe  Latin,  but  in 
the  contexture  fo  confufed  and  ciefuitory,  that  the  natu- 
ral order  would  be  ten  times  better. 

But  for  all  this,  the  learner  is  (till  to  quit  the  natural 
order,  in  which  the  beauties  of  the  Roman  tongue  can 
feldom  be  difplayed.  Only  let  him  know  the  bounds 
which  he  may  not  pafs.  Let  him  always  bear  in  mind 
Hire  general  caution,  that  though  words  which  are  con- 
nected may  not  be  always  contiguous,  yet  neither  does 
good  coiuppfkion  allow  them  to  be  feparated  from  each 
other  by  words  which  among  them  have  neither  relation 
;acr  ftgniucaney,  :uvd  therefore  cu^hi:  to  have  no  place. 


*c6  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

EXAMPLES. 

The  pofition  of  fcrih am  is  unfortunate  and  faulty  ia 
this  expreihon  of  Horace  ; 
"  Quiiquis  erit  vitz:,fcribam,  color."     Sat.  2,  *. 

Scribam  forms  no  parentheiis  hcr,e  ;  nor  has  it  any  con- 
nection either  by  government  or  concord  with  either  of 
the  words  between  which  it  (lands  :  between  them  there- 
fore it  (hould  have  no  place,  any  more  than  between 
quifquis  and  erit.  In  the  accuracy  of  good  language  its 
place  is  after  color  ;  or,  if  the  whole  context  would  ad- 
yut  of  it,  before  quifquis.  Thus  again,  in  the  fame  fatire, 
judice  is  out  of  its  place  in 

"  "  Sed  ,bona  fi  quis 

"  Judiee  condiderii,  laudatur  Caefare." 
It  ihoulditand  in  the  claufe  with  laudatur,  no  doubt. 
Ninus  enlarged  his  empire  as  far  as  the  borders  of  Lybia. 
"  Ninus  Lybia  protulit  imperium  ufque  ad  terminos." 
Here  the  Latin  is  improperly  expreffed.     7,^/^  has  no 
fort  of  connection   with  either  .of  the    words    between 
which  it  Hands,  nor  .with  any  other  word  to  them  rela- 
ted :  to  that  Lybia  there  is  perfectly  extraneous,  and  de- 
mands another  .pofition.      To    know    its   proper   place, 
confider  where  its  affinity  lies.      It  is  a  genitive  cafe,  go- 
verned of  terminos  ;   therefore  near  terminos  it  mull  fland,  i 
at  kriil  fo  near  as  to  ihew  the  connection  ;  thus, 

Ninus  protulit  imperium  ufqu?  ad  tcn.tinos  Lybia.         Or, 
Ninus  ufqu1  ad  terminos  Lyli<e  imperium  protulit.         Or, 
Ufque  ad  terminos  .Lybia1  Ninus  imperium  protulit.       Or, 
Ninus  ad  Lybia  ufque  ier mines protidit  imperium. 
Now  what  has  been  faid  of  Lybia,  between  Ninus  and 
.protulit,  would  be  true  of  ufque,  and  of  ad,  and  of  termi- 
nos, in  that  pofition,  but  not  of  imperium,   becauie  imperi- 
um.would  not  be  extraneous  there,  being  connected  with 
one  of  thofe  words,  namely,  protulit  :  nor  even  againit 
Lybia  in  that  petition  would  this  objection  lie,  if  Lybia 
had  been  governed  of  imperium  inftead   oj  terminos  ;  for 
then  it  would  be  Ninus  enlarged  the  empire  of  Lybia,   and 
the  circumftances   of  pofition   would  change  with  the 
fenfe. 

.Cut  thefe  irregularities  are  lefs  likely  to   happen  in 
flioil  fentences  than  in  thofe  of  two  or  more  claufes  ; 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  207 

w*here,  from  a  neglect  of  punctuation,  boys  frequentlf 
fct  in  one  claufe  words  which  ought  to  be  in  another. 
By  one  word  thus  mifplaced,  two  claufes  at  lcaft  arc 
fpoiled,  one  overcharged,  the  other  mutilated.  Let  lie 
fee  this  exemplified. 

Of  all  connexions ',  none  is  mire  excellent,  none  more  flrong, 
than  when  good  men,  alike  in  manners,  are  attached  to  each 
other. 

Omnium  focictatttm  nulla  pr#Jla?:tior  ejl  nulla  quam  firmior 
cum  viri  moribus  boni  funiles  funt  familiar  it  ate  conjunct}. 

Suppofe  a  fchool-hoy,  unacquainted  with  the  prefent 
rule,  to  produce  this  as  an  evening  exercife,  without  a- 
ny  punctuation,  and  the  order  of  words  fo  broken  as  to 
be  almoft  unintelligible.  # 

In  this  exercife  there  is  a  great  perplexity,  and  it  ari- 
fes  entirely  from  the  fai'fe  pofition  of  only  two  words, 
quam  and  boni  :  quam  is  put  in  the  fecond  claufe,  where- 
as it  ought  to  be  in  the  third  ;  and  boni,  which  belongs 
like  wife  to  the  third  claufe,  is  ftt  in  the  fourth.  We  will 
reduce  this  inflance  into  proper  order. 

Omnium  focietatum  nulla  praftantior  eft,  nulla  firmior,  quam 
cum  viri  boni,  moribus  fimiles,  funt  familiarit  ate  conjuntli. 

i£  wre  inquire  into  the  ufe  of  quam  and  boni,  we  fhall 
know,  that  they  are  now  in  their  right  pofition. 

Quam,  than,  is  a  comparative  conjunction,  and  can  be 
of  no  ufe,  but  w^here  it  ferves  to  couple  the  two  members 
of  a  fentence,  between  which  a  comparifon  is  made. — 
The  comparifon  here  is  between  the  friendfhip  of  good 
men  and  that  of  others,  that  is,  between  omnium  s.  n.  p.  e. 
n.  firmior  on  one  hand,  and  cum  viri  boni,  &c.  on  the 
other  ;  here  therefore  between  firmior  and  cum,  and  here 
only,  is  quam  to  do  its  office. 

In  like  manner  the  adjective  boni  can  have  no  place  in 
the  fourth  claufe,  where  it  has  no  connexion.  It  agrees 
with  the  fubftantive  viri  in  the  third  claufe,  and  there  k 
mull  be. 

Quinctilian,  in  his  chapter  de  Compcfitione,  frequently 
complains  of  this  incondite  language.  He  fays,  of  all 
orders  the  natural  is  the  bed,  when  the  words  will  fo 
follow  one  another,  and  run  into  a  good  cadence  ;  and 
greatly  condemns,  thofe  breaches  and  improper  trairf- 


2oS  AN  INTRODUCTION    TO 

pofitions  by  winch  the  difcourfe  is  mutilated,  and  the 
fenfe  loft  ;  and  againft  which  this  prefent  rule  is  de- 
figned  to  be  a  bar,  as  it  effectually  will  be,  if  die  learner 
will  be  mindful  of  it,  and  pay  due  attention  to  the  dif- 
ferent points  of  punctuation,  efpecially  thefe  within  the 
period. 


Rule     15. 


"  r  I  ^  HE  cadence,  or  concluding  part  of  a  claufe  or 
X       fentence,  fhouid  very  feldom  conftft  cf  mono- 
fyllables." 

EXAMPLES. 

Cicero,  which  is  as  much  as  to  fay,  the  whole  fchool 
of  Roman  elooiuence,  removed  monofyllables  as  far 
back  as  could  be  from  the  cadence  ;  in  general,  I  mean, 
and  as  far  back  as  the  ufe  and  import  cf  fuch  words 
would  allow.  To  fee  this  rule  exemplified,  it  might  be 
enough  to  infpect.  any  claiTic  page  ;  yet  here  are  a  few 
inftances  of  the  manner  in  which  Cicero  uied  to  repel 
monofyllables  from  the  cadence,  merely  as  being  words 
of  that  defcription  : 

1.  "  Sed  fi  lib  manifeftce  audacise,  fi  impendens,"  &c. 
Scd  and  Ji   naturally  come  foremoft    here,    and    are 

therefore  no  examples  of  the  rule  :  but  vis  ft  and  s  before 
manifefltf  as  being  a  word  of  one  fy liable  ;  elfe,,by  R.  2, 
it  would  probably  have  had  its  place  after  audacia. 

2.  "  His  lachrymis  non  movetur  Milcr;  eft  quodam 
incredibili  robore  animi  :  exilium  rbi  etfe  putat,  ubi  vir- 
tuti  non  fit  locus  : — ; — -fit  hie  ea  mente.,"  &c. 

We  have  already  feen  with  what  propriety  oblique 
cafes  come  forcmoft,  and  finite  verbs  laft,  in  a  fentence-; 
but  here  the  poiition  is  quite  contrary,  becaufe  bfae 
verbs  chance  to  be  monofyllables. 

3.  "Nee  tamfum  demens." 

4.  "  Non  eft  humano  confilio." 

5.  H  Stet  hac  urls  prasclara." 

6.  "  Centeiima  lux  ejl  hac  ab  interim  Publii  Clodii.'' 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  209 

How  ftudioufly  in  the  fixth  example  are  the  three 
monofyllablcs  lux  eft  hac,  like  fmall  fragments  cf  a  rock 
not  fit  for  corner  ftones,  immured,  as  it  were,  in  the 
midit  of  the  period  ! 

7.  "Nullius  tantum  eft  flumen  ingenii.,, 

8.  "  Quorum  facinus  eft  commune,  cur  non  ft  eorum 
praida  communis  i" 

9.  "  Quihus  ego  ducihus  in  hanc  fpem  fententiam- 
quefum  ingre^us." 

10.  "  At  vero  hujus  gloria,  C.  C.a?far,  quam  er  paulo 
ante  atieptusw" 

1 1.  "  Et  quidquid  eft  profpere  gefhum.7' 

12.  "  O  prxclarum  ill  am  eloqUentiam  tuam,  cum  e$ 
nudus  concionatus  V* 

In  forming  verbs  of  prdlive  terminations  in  Latin, 
the  auxiliary,  when  ufed,  is  commonly  placed  after  thr 
participial,  to  which  it  is  attached,  as,  amatus  eftcm,  auditi 
erant ;  but  here,  in  the  four  la  ft  examples,  Cicero  would 
have  the  auxiliary  come  firfl:,  that  the  polyfyllable 
might  incline,  as  much  as  might  be,  to  the  cadence, 
and  the  mo nofy liable  recede.  In  this  manner  mail  we 
generally  difpofe  of  other  auxiliaries  of  this  fort,  Jitnty 
Jtm,JtSy  5fc.  fetting  them  before  their  correfp 011  dent  par- 
ticipials,  perhaps  at  the  diftance  of  two  or  three  wordy; 
as,  M  ej  paulo  ante  adeptus?  in  Cicero. 

But  why  fhould  this  be  r 

The  cadence,  we  have  often  obferved,  is  the  moft  im- 
portant part  of  all  the  period,  and,  to  give  it  due 
weight,  care  muft  be  had  to  make  it  foft,  gradual  and 
eafy,  ib  that  the  perfon  addrelfed  may .  ha\c  time  to  con 
it  over,  even  while  lie  hears  it.  But  this  can  never  be 
while  the  fenfe  is  pent  up,  or  rather  rapt  away,  in  terms 
that  «pay  be  uttered  in  an  inftant,  by  a  fingie  eirort  of 
the  voice,  as  monofyilables  are.  The  gradatory  and 
gently-expiring  foands  of  the  organ  are  much  more  af- 
fecting, and  delightful  to  be  heard,  than  -exploilons  of 
gun-powder  ;  which  latter  one  may  hear,  but  cannot 
iiften  to  ;  which  do  not  charm,  but  ihock,  more  even . 
than  the  folemn  majefty  of  thunder  ;  and  which  will 
froreh  indeed  thofe  that  are  near,  but  diffufe  no  glowing 
kindly  heat.     Such  in  Isn&Uage  is  the  difference  befrfreen 

T  2 


2io  AN  INTRODUCTION    TO 

a  flowing  cadence,  and  that  which  is  violent  and  hafty. 
To  the  .former,  one  may  Men,  as  well  as  hear  it  :  by 
courting  the  ear,  it  captivates  the  mind  :  the  fenfe  is 
nourimed  up  by  a  due  fupply  of  fuel  ;  and  the  ideas,  thus 
conveyed,  kindling  as  they  go,  do  more  eaf ly  infjnuate 
themfelves  into  the  underftanding.  Bat  by  the  latter, 
fomethmg  more  being  looked  for,  the  expe&ation  is 
mocked,  whereas  it  ought  to  be  gratified  :  with  an  af- 
fe.clation  of  vehemence,  it  porTerlcs  no  energy  ;  becaufc 
the  fenfe  is  compreifed  and  mutilated,  by  being  forced 
into  too  narrow  a  compafs,  by  being  bound  up  and 
(hackled  in  that  part  of  the  period,  in  which,  beyond 
every  other  part,  it  ought  to  have  lead  reftr.i&ion,  and 
to  come  forth  in  fulneis  of  exprefiion. 

Words,  beautifvilly  (lyled -by  Homer,  "winded  words, '' 
are  the  vehicles  of  thought  :  if  they  are  weak,  if  they 
are  not  well  Hedged,  the  fenfe  is  either  loft  in  callage. 
or  but  partially  conveyed.  Hence,  when  the  cadence, 
compofed  of  ihort  words,  is  too  precipitate  ;  when  the 
period  breaks  fuddenly  away,  and  maps,  as  it  were,  in  a 
moment  ;  then  the  fenfe  is  not  brought  thoroughly  home, 
but  falls,  hi  vfi'iiulo,  at  the  threfhold,  and,  having  fwoon- 
cd  there,  it  has  no  ftrength  to  reach  the  interior  apart- 
ments, the  recedes  of  the  m'nd. 

Longinus,  feet.  41,  fays,  that  fhort  and  precipitate 
meafares  do  more  than  any  thing  debn^e  the  fnblime  : 
that  their  cadence  is  forever  the  fame,  and  therefore  e>  • 
tremely  diiagrecable  ;  and  that  when  periods  are  patch- 
ed and  (Kidded  up  .with  words  of  fhort  and  few  fy  liables, 
they  are  always  derotute  of  grandeur.    . 

Blemiihes  of  this  kind  are   to  be  round  even  in   C 
ro  ;  for  even  in  Cicero  blemiihes  they  a£e.      "  Confula- 
tum  peteres,  &:o—  per  municipia,  coloniafque  Calnce,  a 
quo  nos  turn,  cum,  tjfe."   Phiih.  2.      And  again,  "  A  Mar-. 
C)   Antonio,  quod  fjs  -non  r/r,  rex  Romse  conftitueretUK  ' 
Ibid.     The   cadence  here   is   excellent  \  but   that   v..' 
claufe,  quod  fas  nou  fl,  rnaile   up   of  menofyllablcs, 
none  of  that  deliberate  gravity,,  which  became  him,  who 
was  pleading  before  the  Conicript  Fathers.  .   Lux,  ope\-i 
longo  fas  cjl  clrtpere  fomniua  :   (Hor.)  and  it  is  more  pro- 
fitable, as  well  as  pleating,  to  admire  the  excellent' i<, 
a  good  man,  than  to  carp  at  his  failings. 


THE  MAKING, OF  LATIN, 

EXCEPT  LO  N  S . 

Though  monofy liable s  in  general  are  to  be  ei 
from  the  cadence,   yet  there  arc  occaiions  on  which 
period  may  end  abruptly*  and  then  mono!)  ilabks  ill 
cadence  are  to  be  preferred. 

i.  When  the  fubjeet  is  any  thing  tl rat  happened  Sud- 
denly, or- very  fpeedily. 

2.  When  indignation  is  cxpremkl. 

3.  When  the  Tubjecl  is  '  any  tiling  futile  or  contemp- 
tible. 

Ail  this,  Taubmann,  in  his  excellent  commentary  on 
Virgil,  has  thus  exemplified,  from  that  divine  poet,  and 
fix m  Horace,  in  JEn.  5,  .v.  4-8-1. 

Exf& .  1 . )   "  S ternitur ,  eiatiim  i  fq  u  e  t  re  n;  e  n  s  \  >  rb  c :.  1 
bit  humi  hot. 

"  Incomparabilis  hie  verms  eft  ;  quern  Servius  inco- 
gitatiflime  (modb  Servii  id  eft  feholion)  pemriftfhl  vo- 
cat,  quod  terminatur  mcnofyllabo.  Uirum  enim  ma- 
lls ?  Huncce,  an, 

"  Sternitur,  exanhntfque  tremens  has  corruk  'ur'.iu 

"  Ita,  Mn.  1. 

Excep.  1.)  "  Dat  latus  :   infequitur  cumulo  praerrjptus 
aqua:  m6ns\ 
Potuiffet  lie, 

Dut  latus  :  inftqUrtur  tutpidls  mom  inch  us  walls. 

"  Verum,  ut  coriuit  taurus  ;  ut  connuxit  in  uimm 
montem  mare  ;  ita  corruit  ver'Yis  in  mohofyjlabum,  co- 
pin  multarum  fyllabarum  in  imam  fyllabam  coacta,  Sicut 
et  in  illo,  iEn.  2.. 

Excep.   I.) "  Kuil  OEeafiO  hex* 

Item,  JEn.  4. 

Excep.  2.) "  En  !  hrec  promiffa  fides  ejl  Vy 

Concerning  this  inRance  of  Excep.  2.  the  commenta- 
tor fays,  "  Quid  illo*ac:i*us  ?"  and  here,  i.  ei  ^Ln.  5,  aoi^ 

"  Nihil  enimaptius  iiidisriationi,  qoam  oratio  deiincns 
in  monofyllabum.  Vel  evolve  Demorthcnis  orationcs. 
Horatius  quoque, '  quum  c  rnagnis  crcptis  futile  poema 
exiturum  flora  acharetur,  ex  prolixis  vocibus  ednxit  mp- 
nolyllabum  \     '  • 

Excep.'  1.)    "   Parturient  momes,  .nnfcetur.  ridicuftjs 
mus, 


,m  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

M  Vidcatur  Scalfg.  1.  4,  c.  48,  ct  J.  Douza  pnecidan. 
in  Tihull.  c.  9,  item  Erythncus,  et  Corn.  Valerius,  Lap- 
lii  doclor." 

4.  F«rar,  whijc  it  agitates  the  mind,  convulfes  alio  the 
body,  throws  it  into  an  univerfal  tremor,  and  robs  one 
of  his  breath,  i'o  that  h'  even  pants  for  want  of  it. — 
Fear,  L  fay,  thus  afle&ing'the  fpeater,  is  naturally  ex- 
prefled  in  ihort  and  broken  terms.  When  the  enraged 
father  in  the  play  exclaims,  "  Jtge  Pamphllc  ;  ext>  Pam- 
pbtle  ;  ecautd  tc  pudct'?1'  the  ion,  alarmed  by  that  angry 
fummons,  haitily  inquires,  "  Qu'u  me  voh  ?"  and  then, 
abafhed  by  the  unexpected  appearance  and  die  frowns  of 
his  dread  parent,  he  fearfully  exclaims,  "  Peril  i  paler 
eft:'      Tar.  Amir. 

On  mch  occasions,  next  to  monofyllables,  which  do 
not  always  occur,  words  of  few  fyllables  may  be  prefer- 
red, and  Kkcwife  brachyfallables,  i.  e.  words  of  fyllables 
ihort  in  quantity.  After  this  fort,  the  poet,  from  whole 
works  may  be  inilanced  every  thing  that,  is  beautiful,  re- 
prefents  Jupiter  difpatching  Mercury  in  all  haile  to  Car- 
thage : 

"  Vadc  Age,  ?iate,  <voca  Ztphyros,  ct  Iqbere  penms :'% 
and  thus  Queen  Dido  in  a  frenzy  ;  when  Hie  bids  her 
people  to  purfue  the  treacherous  lover,  and  deitr-oy  bis 
fleet  : 


/A  . 


•*;  FerU  ciujiammas  ;  date  vela;  hnpeuite  remos" 
and  immediately  the  cHftraeted  Princefs  feems  all  at  once 
to  recollect  ami  correct  herfelf  ;, 

"  ^uid  hjquor  ;   aui  ubi  jum  P" 
and  thus  in  tho  9th  ifin.  v.  37,   Caicus  exclaims  to  the 
Trojans  in  Italy,  fr»m  the  rampart  of  their  beleaguered 
town,  when  he  fees»  the  enemy  approaching, 

M  Fertt  clit  fcrrwii,  dah  tela,  Jcaiuillc  muros. 

"  Bojils  adtjt,  yajr 

Anger,  as  we  have  feem  though  it  fwells  itfelf,  is  not- 
withstanding  well  eapreifed  in  ihort  and  hafly  terms. 

"  Non  j'eram,  nan  £atiar>  non  Jinam"  fays  the  Roman 
Confiil  (Cic.)  to  the  traiterous  Catiline.  And  elfe where 
to  the  object  of  his  refentment,  M  Tu  ixro  guts  es  ?"  As 
Horace  fays,  "  Ira  furor  brc'vls  eft?*  anger  is  madnefc 
white  it  laits  ;  and  nudnefs  vents  itfelf  in  hafty  mood. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  213 

5*  When  in  Cicero,  wr.hout  any  regard  to  the  import 
of  words,  a  clailfe  or  fentence  ends  with  a  mono.iyliable, 
there  is  then  generally  reined  paid  to  tiie  mcaiure  of  the 
cadence  :  for  that  monosyllable,  much  oftener  I 
otherwife,  forms  with  the  preceding  ly liable  either  a  fy- 
nalepha,  or  an  ecthliplis,  or  the  foot  iambus.  The  fa 
may  be  remarked  in  other  polke  writers',  but  I  quote 
Cicero  as  the  ium  of  all. 

.      I. 

SYNAL7.PHA. 

"  Quo*  nota  domefticx  turpituJinis  non  inufta  vitas 
tua  eft  PJf 

"  Quoties  jam  tibi  extorta  eft  ilea  iila  de  manibus? 
"  Quoties  vero  excidit  cafu  aliquo,  et  tlatfa  eft  P" 
"  Jacet  ille  nunc,  proftratufooe  <j}.,y 
"  Qux  cxdes  per  hoice  annos  line  illo /aSa  eft  ?" 

II. 

ECTHLIPSIS. 

**.  Intus  inclufum  periculum  eft. 

"  Intus  elt  hoi.tis  ;  cum  luxuria  nobis,  cum   amentia, 
cum  fcelere  cefidndum  efl. 

"  Totum  hoc  quantumcunque  eft,   quod   certe  main- 
mum  ej}}  totum  eft,  inquam,  tuurn." 

III. 

IAMBUS." 

**  Jacet  tile  nunc" 

"  Quoties  confulem  in.terficere  conatus  es.  ?'[ 
"  Adventu  tuo  ifta  fubiellia  w <\cw<\  fatla jutd.^ 
M  Nullum  iiagitumy^  te\" 

fj  Repente  piaaer  opinionem  omnium  confffits  eft" 
In  this  iambic  cadence  the  long  and  full  f ja'nd  of  the 
laft  fyllable  in  a,  manner  abiorbs  and  fwailsws  up  th.i 
of  the  fyllable  preceding,  which,  being  paiiedVcry  light- 
ly over,  dies  upon  the  ear  :  the  laic  fyllable  then  be- 
comes to  clofely  attached  even  to  the  penultmia  of  the 
word  preceding,  as  in  utterance  almoil.to  coalefce  with 
it,  and  fo  eludes  that  objection  which  'from  the  p  relent 
rule  would  otherwife  lie  again  ft  It, 


2i4  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO' 

In  like  manner,  and  much  more,  is  a  monosyllabic  hi 
r.he  cadence  fattened,  when  attracted -to  the  foregoing 
word  by  fynalcpha  or  eclhlipus  ;  that  is,  if  we  might 
ipeak  new,  as  it  is  reafonable  to  fuppofe  the  Latins  did 
occasionally;,  uttering  the  latter  word  as  if  it  were  really 
a  part  of  the  former  ;  juft  as  in  Engliih  we  occafionaily 
fay,  when  at  the  fame  time  we  might  or  might  not  write, 
JbaiCt  tor  Jhedl  not,  he's  for  he  is,  you're  for  you  are,  cSfc. 
I  fay  occafionally,  not  always,  but  merely  to  avoid  any 
extraordinary  harihnefs  ;  as,  "  Qu«  cardes  per  hofce  an- 
nos  fine  illo  fa&(ft,  6r  fa^a[/}?,y  "  Cum  fcelere  «r- 
iand'eji,  oi '  pen Umdum 'Jt ;"  for.fo  we  frequently  find  it 
actually  wrkten  ;  "  Scelus,  inquam,  fagunfftf*  Plaut. 
MojhlL  et  alibi  pajjim.  Nay,  the  final  s,  and  the  vowel 
before  it/  ufed  very  commonly  to  undergo  the  fame  eli- 
iion  ;    ws, 

"  3ocrJ,  fide  lis,  fuavis  homo,  facundu\  fuoque 
"Content*  atque  beatus,  fcitus  facunda  loquens  in 
"  Tempore,  commod\  et  verborum  vir  paucorum." 

Enn* 
u  Limina  tectorum,  et  med?  in  penetralibus  hoftem." 

**  Inter  fe  coi/Te  vir*  et  decernere  fcrro."  LL 

The  common  reading  of  thefe  two  lines  in  Virgil 
differs  indeed  from  this,  having  medium  m  the  fir  ft,  not 
med?,  and  in  the  fecond  vires,  not  vir',  cernere,  not  de- 
cernere. But  Fierius,  Servius,  J.  Louis  (Ludovicus)  de 
la  Cerda,  and  Taubmann,  though  they  do  not  abfolute- 
ly  reject  the  common  reading,  yet  all  agree  that  many 
ancient  copies  juftify  the  other,  nay,  almoft  all  the  an- 
cient copies  ;  and  that  Prifcianus,  Aldus,  Pimpontius, 
Scaliger,  and  others,  approve  of  the  other  reading. 
Thus  formerly  was  written  omnilu'  for  omnibus,  ejif  for 
ejus,  qu'fcjuiJ  for  quifquts.  And  thus,  which  is  more  in 
point,  Lucretius,  who  yields  to  none  in  elegance  of  ex- 
preilion,  frequently  drops  ,the  letter  ?#;  as,  " '  Equoru* 
duellica  proles,"  and  plainly  mews  that  this  eliiion  might 
be  occasionally  ufed  or  not ;  as  in  this  verfe  of  his, 

—  u     u  I   —  'J   o  J    —        u     oj-       o       o  I       —  o  o  I       —       — 

"  Corporum  iffiblu*  eft  quoniam  pretne're  omnia  deorfum." 
1  conjecture  that  the  u  alfo  in  officii  mould  be  dropped. 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  215 

Than  this,  I  know  cf  no  other  way  to  account  for  the 
frequent  ufc  which  Cicero  and  other  poiite  men  made 
of  inch  cadences  as  are  here  ipoken  of;  and  which,  1111- 
leis  read  as  I  iuppoie  they  fomctimc  s  were,  may  be  as 
harfh  and  inelegant  as  any  ill  formed  cad  :nce  can  be. 
The  very  term:,,  Synalepha  and  E&hllpfs  favour  the  fup- 
pofition,  the  former  meahing  riuti&io,  i.  e.  a  larding  or 
cementing  together,  the  letter  eljffd,  a  cutting  or  jlriicing  off; 
becauie  by  thefe  figures  a  vowel,  or  a  confbnant,  or  both 
at  once,  may  be  cut  off,  that  two  fyllabies  may  coalefce 
and  become  one.  This  is  what  Quinclilian  has  e::prcfs- 
ly  taught  us  more  than  once.  "  Nam  Synalxpha  facit, 
ut  ultimas  iyllaboe  pro  una  /orient  ;"  which  he  raid  to 
ihew  that  the  cadence  of  this  period,  Nam  ubi  libido  doini- 
natur,    imioceniia:   leve  pr<zfidiuni    eft,    is   a    double    anapeit, 

leve  pre  fid?  eft.  The  word  foneni  here  ffiews  how  the 
rhetotician  himfelf  read.  Elfewhere  he  lays,  "  Nam  et 
coeuntes  liters,  quae  Synalarphe  dicitur,  etiam  leniorem 
faciunt  orationem,  quam  li  omnia  verba  fuo  fine  cludan- 
tun"  On  which  Turnebius  thus  comments,  "  Apparet 
ex  hoc  loco,  olim  Latinos,  more  Graeorum,  admiiiffe  a- 
poftrophen,  ut  cum  vocalis  a  vocali  exciperetur.  Id  au- 
tem  cum  lit,  dictio  non  clauditur  fuo  fine  :  i'cd  tcrmina- 
tur  initio  fequcntis."  Again  fays  Quinctiiian,  "Atqiri 
eadem  ilia  letera  w,  quoties  ultima  eit,  et  vocalcm  verbi 
fequentis  ita  contingit,  ut  in  earn  tranlire  point,  et-i&m  Lli 
fcribitur,  tamen  parum  exprimitur,  &c."  To  •wTiicJl 
Afcenfius  adds,  in  his  comment,  "  Antiqui  codices, 
Plautini  prseiertim,  m  ne  fcriptum  quidem  habent ;-  icd 
pro  nmltum  e/l,  mult9  e/l,  aut  muhu   eft*'* 

The  young  fcholar  will  not  be  offended  at  this  long 
account  of  the  nature  of  Syaalepha  or  EcYlilipiis  (the 
iame  thing.)  It  all  tends  to  lhew  the  importance  of  the 
fifteenth  rule,  and  pf  this  fifth  exception  to  it. 


1 


Poftfcript  to  Rule   ij% 

N  this  rule  we  have  confidered  -the  cadence  as  il -con- 
fined to  theiaft  fvllahle  onlv.    -We  will  now -take  it 


ai6  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

in  a  larger  view,  as  compriiing  feveral,  even  io  many  as 
the  laft  lix  fyllabics  of  a  period. 

Meafurjng  the  full  cadence,  we  may  include  the  laft 
three  feet,  if  they  be  diflyllablcs  ;  the  laft  two,  if  tri- 
fvliables.  or  a  trii)  liable,  and  a  diifyllable  ;  or  we  may 
regard  the  lad  foot  only,,  if  it  be  a  triiy  liable  ;  or  if  a 
mixed  and  compound  foot.  According  to  which,  this 
Poftfcript  w  ill  exhibit,  in  various  fcales,  «compofed  of 
many  diiferent  meafures,  a  large  number  of  cadences, 
which,  on  the  authority  chiefly  of  Cicero  and  Quinclilian, 
the  learner  is  exhorted  to  imitate  occafionally  in  his  own 
writings.  Not  that. he  is  to  think  himfelf  confined  fole- 
ly  to  thefe  cadences,  as  if  thefe  were  the  only  good  ones, 
and  compriied  ail  the  harmony  of  the  Latin  tongue. 
Thefe  are  but  a  fpecimen  (fuch  however  as  the  greatefl 
mailers  have  recommended)  nor  is  it  meant,  that  he 
who  writes  mull  be  forever  weighing  and  meafuring  his 
Miles,  in  doing  which  whoever  is  wholly  occupied,  he 
cannot  attend  to  what  is  (till  moft  important,  good  fenfe. 
A  good  writer  will  obferve  the  conduct  of  a  fkilful 
horfeman,  who  always  keeps  the  reins  in  his  hand,  and 
is  always  on  his  guard  ;  but  he  does  not  hold  his  horfe 
lorever  on  the  menage  ;  nor  is  he  continually  checking, 
directing,  and  over-ruling  him,  which  would  infallibly 
break  his  courie,  and  probably  bring  him  down. 


A    SPECIMEN    OF    CADENCES 

Far  Lathi  Copipofitlon^  approved  qf  and i\  commended  ly  Clare 
(.i.il    Qtilfidiilan. 

E 

CADENCES  OF  THREE   SYLLABLES. 
'     }..   A  Bacchic      u  ~  - 

2.  A  C relic  or  Ampbimacer  —  -o*  — 

Of  this  foot  Quinftilian  fays,  Crctkus  ejl  hiiiiis  optimise 
<*t  cloufulis.  In  a  cadence  he  thus  exemplifies  it  from  Ci- 
cero, "  In  confpcc~tu  Populi  Romani  vomere  pofir'hAt" 
Pojlrldie  here  is  a  triiyllable. 

3.  A  PaJimlacchlc  or  Aailiacchk    —  -  o 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  217 

The  Lift  fyllable  being  common,  this  may,  if  we  pleafe, 
Ue  (liled  a  Moloffus,  three  long  ;  and  may  alfo  be  pre- 
ceded by  another  Moloifus,  as  we  fhall  fee  presently. 

4.  A  Dafiyl  -  o    o 

Cludet  et  Dafiylvsy  fays  Quinttilian,  nift  cum  obfervafh 
ultima  Creticum  facit  ;  which  is  as  much  as  to  fay,  that  a 
Cretic  or  Amphimacer  forms  a  better  cadence  than  a 
Dactyl  ;  becaufe  in  general  the  rlnal  fyllable  ihould  be 
really  long,  not  merely  pro  longa.  There  is  a  vaft  differ- 
ence, fays  he,  whether  the  concluding  fyllable  be  really 
long,*oronly  reckoned  fo  ;  Aures  tamen  confulens  mens,  in- 
telligo  multum  referre,  utrumne  longa  fit,  qua  clud'it,  an  pro  lon- 

Quinelilian  admits  of  a  Cretic  or  Iambus  before  a, 
Dactyl,  but  no  Spondee,  and  flill  lefs  a  Choree. 

5.  An  Amph'ibrac    b   —   o 

Quinclilian  allows  of  this,  dill  infilling,  however,  tha. 
•>t.were  better  to  have  the -la ft  fy'lkbb  :  long.     He  give% 
fuiffkps  an  instance  ;  but  immediately  adds,  Si  notimaluu 
HtiSf  t/Jd  Bacch'mm. 


II. 

CADENCES   OF   FOUR   SYLLABLES. 

6.  Pa  on  H^Uarfus    000   — 

Neither  Quinclilian  nor  Cicero  approves  of  this  es- 
sence :  but  Arillotle,  and  his  fcholars  Theodectes  and 
Theophraftus,  commend  it  much  ;  and  indeed  Quinc- 
tilian  allows  it  to  be  not  without  its  refpectable  admi- 
rers>  when  he  expreffes  his  own  difapprobation  ;  Non  me 
capity  vt  a  magnis  vlris  diftentlcim,  Pa  on,  qui  eft  extribus  brevi- 
bus  et  kjiga. 

7.  Ep'iiritus  Prhnus    o 

We  have  here  a  vSpondee  preceded  by  an  Iambus,  or 
a  Moloims  preceded  by  a  fhort  fyllable,  a  cadence,  of 
.which  Quinclilian  thus  expreffes  his  good  opinion ;  Ap- 
parel, Mdojfon  quoque  claufula  convenire,  dum  habcat  ex  qitQ+ 
cunque  *edc  ante  fe  brevetn. 


218  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

8.   Epitritus  Tertius o    - 

This  is  a  Spondee  before  an  Iambus.  Sed  et  Spondeus 
Iambo  recle  pr&ponitur.  QuincJ.  And  it  may  be  obferved, 
that  this  cadence  is  the  reverfe  of  the  one  preceding. 

.  9.   A  Choriambus     —    u    o    —  - 

IC   A  Difpondee 

A  cadence  of  two  Spondees  mould  confift  of  three 
words  or  members  :  for  otherwife  it  would  conftitute  in 
found  as  well  as  metre  the  latter  part  of  a  Spondaic 
Hexameter  :  but  what  founds  well  in  verfe  is  no  more 
than  jargon  in  profe,  the  genuine  muiic  of  which  is  far 
iuperior  to  that  of  verfe.  In  prole  every  kind  of  verfe 
ihould  be  avoided  ;  the  jingle  even  of  a  hemiftic  mould 
be  excluded  ;  and  therefore  she  condition  above  is  im- 
pofed  by  Quinctilian  on  this  cadence  ;  Duo  Spondei  non 
fere  conjungi  patiuntur  ;  qua  in  verfu  quoque  notabilis  claufula 
eft  ;  nifi  cum  id  fieri  potefl  ex  tribus  quafi  membris.  Then 
from  an  oration  of  Craffus  he  cites  this  example,  "  Gui- 
de perfugis  noftris  copias  comparat  is  contra  nos." 

11.  Epiiritus  Quart  us 0 

We  have  here  a  Spondee  followed  by  a  Choree,  a  ca- 
dence commended  and  thus  exemplified  by  Quinclilian, 
Nos  poffemus  :  et,  Rcmeinus  fum. 

12.  Dichoreus  vel  Ditrochaus    o    —    o    — 

This  Dichoree,  or  Double  Trochee,  notwithstanding 
the  general  pofition,  that  the  laft  fyllable  mould  belong, 
forms  that  cadence  which  feems  to  have  been  more  ad- 
mired formerly  than  any  other.  Nothing,  fays  Turne- 
bius,  can  be  more  mufical.  Quinclilian  informs  us,  that 
it  was  much  ufed  in  Afia  ;  a  fufficient 'proof  of  its  being 
very  foTt  and  delicate.  Cicero  gives  this  initance  of  it 
from  Craffus,  M  Patris  dictum  iapiens  temeritas  flit  com- 
proba^it  ;"•  and  fays  that  the  people  were  fo  much  de- 
lighted' with  the  clofe  of  this  period,  as  even  to  fhout 
aloud  with  admiration  ;  an  inftance,  by  the  by,  of  re- 
publican gravity,  and  of  what  momentous  obje&s  may 
engage  the  attention  of  popular  afTemblies  ! 

13.   Pa  on  Tertius    «   a  -  u 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  *r9 

14.   P*on   Primus  -  o   u  o 

Inftances  of  this  are  given  by  Quin&ilian  ;  "  St  potero  * 
Dixit  Zw  Cicero.77  But  fuch  meafures,  he  is  careful  to 
inform  us,  are  better  adapted  to  the  beginning  of  a  pe- 
riod, than  the  cadence,  where  (in  the  cadence)  fhort 
meafures  do  not  well  predominate,  unlefs  it  be  when  the 
utterance  ought  to  be  quick  and  rapid,  with  but  fhort 
refts  or  paufes  between  one  period  and  another. 


III. 
CADENCES  OF  FIVE  SYLLABLES. 

15.  A  Bacchic  and  Iambus    o -o  — r 

Or  an  Iambus  before  a  Cretic.  This,  both  by  Cicero 
and  Quinctilian,  is  much  celebrated,  under  the  appella- 
tion of  Dochimus.  The  latter  fays  it  hjlabilis  in  claufulis 
et  fever  us  ;  of  courfe  well  adapted  to  fubjects  of  a  grave 
and  ferious  nature,  when  the  cadence  ought  to  be  fedate 
and  folemn.  But  Cicero  fays,  the  Dochimus  is  of  fo 
notable  a  meafure,  that  it  would  be  affectation  to  repeat 
it  often. 

16.  A  Cretic. and  a  Spondee  —  u — 

As,  "  De  quo  nihil  dicam,  nifi  depellendi  criminis  cavfa.7' 
Cicero  pro  C-elio.  This  cadence  is  fofter  when  comprifed 
in  one  word,  as  "  Archtplrata  ;  but  more  forcible  when 
compofed  of  feveral  members,  as  "  Criminis  caufa:77— 
"  2>uq  nihil  dicam.77  The  Spondee  is  vaftly  well  fuited 
to  an  utterance  grave  and  flow.  It  was  much  ufed  by 
Demofthenes,  that  folemn  orator  ;  and  anfwers  in  its 
general  ufe  to  Adagio  in  mufic  ;  while  the  Moloffus,  or 
rather  the  Difpondee,  may  correfpond  with  Adagio  Ada- 
gio. 

17.  A  Tribrac  and  Spondee,    000 

Quin&ilian  commends  this  much  for  its  foftnefs,  and 
Exemplifies  it  in  "facilitates — tcmeritates.77 

18.  An  Andpefl  and  Spondee    00- 

Quinclilian  allows  this,  without  giving  it  much  com- 
mendation.     Speaking  of  the  final  Spondee,  he  fays, 


22o  AN  INTRODUCTION  T© 

Pote/l,  etlamji  minus  beney  pr about  Anapeeflus.  His  inftance 
is  from  Cicero  pro  C<eL  "  Muliere  non  folum  nobili, 
verum  etiam  nota"  In  our  editions  of  Cicero,  it  is  fed 
etiam  nota  :  the  cadence,  however,  is  ftill  the  fame,  etiam 
nota. 

19.  A  Spondee  and  an  A  nap  eft  —  —    o  o    — 

This  is  the  former  reverfed  ;  and  Quiictilian  com- 
mends it  for  its  foftnefs.  Amafaftw — mtottior  fet,  prtcedintz 
Spondco  vel  Bacchio. 

20.  A  Spondee  and  a  Bacchic o 

u  Bacchius  et  cludlt>  etjilijvtighur,  "  Venenum  timeres," 
Vitat  Choreum  ;  Spondeum  autem  amat ;  ut  non  M  Venena  ti- 
meres ;"  fed,  u  Virus  timeres."  A  Choree  fliould  not 
precede  a  Bacchic  in  the  clofe,  of  a  period  ;  becauie  fuch 
a  juncture  would  form  the  cadence  of  an  heroic  verfe; 

—      o      o    —  — 

Venena  timeres.  But  a  Spondee  preceding  gives  to  the 
Bacchic  more  weight ;  Virus  tinures.  Here  Quinctilian 
teaches,  that  when  any  objection  from  quantity  lies 
againfl  a  word,  the  meafure  may  be  improved  by  the 
choice  of  fome  fynonimous  term,  and  the  fenfe  remain 
entire,  nay  more  forcibly  expreifed,  as  in  his  example  of 
this  cadence  ;  becaufe  venena  before  tinures  would  not  do9 
he  took  the  fynonyma  virus.  For  this  purpofe  the  no- 
vice iu  the  Latin  tongue  may  have  recourfe  to  his  Gradus 
ad  Parnaffum,  which  book  I  advife  him  to  confuk  when 
be  is  writing  profe,  as  much,  or  more,  than  when  he  is 
writing  verfe.  The  Gradus  will  aid  him  much  in  modu- 
lating his  cadences,  in  felecting  fynonyms,  and  now  and 
then  a  convenient  fober-fuited  periphrafis,  I  fay,  fober- 
fuited,  like  our  own  nightingale,  tuneful,  not  gaudy. 

2  T .  A  Spondee  and  a  Cretic o  - 

Quinctilian  condemns  a  Choree  before  a  Cretic ;  be- 
caufe fuch  a  juncture  forms  the  cadence  of  an  Iambic 
Pure.  But  he  fays,  lengthen  the  laft  fyllable  of  the 
Choree,  and  you  give  it  great  weight ;  ft  plenum  auclori- 
tatis. 

2  2.  An  Anapefl  and  Iambus    w  o  -  o  — 
2 J.  An  Iambus  and  a  Dufyl  %t  -  —  u  u 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  221 

Child  et  Dafiyhis — :   Habelit  ante  bene  Creticum  et    lam- 
lam,  Spondeum  male,  pejus  Choreum.      £>uincl. 


CADENCES  OF  SIX  SYLLABLES. 

24.  Tivo  Crellcs  —  o  —  —   u   — 

Creticus  ejl  tmttis  optlmits ti  claufitlts* 7k  d  et  fe  ipfe 

fequirur,  '  Scrvare  quam  plurimos,'     3ic:  melius,  qt*a?:i  Cho- 
reo  pracedente*        {j^uinft* 

25.  An  Anapejl  and  a  Crttlc     q     u   — . —-    o   — 

In  the  paffage  alluded  to  under  the  cadence  next  vl- 
fore  this,  Quinctilian,  fpeaking  of  the  Cretic  in  the  elofc 
of  a  fentence,  fays,  Apparet  verb,  quam  bene  cum  pr<zeedanty 
txel  Anapizflus,  vel  ille,  qui  vtdetur  fini  apticr,  Paoq.  The 
difference  between  the  Paeon  here  fpoken  of,  viz.  the 
Fourth,  and  an  Anapeft,  before  a  Cretic,  is,  that  the 
Pason  has  one  fliort  time  more  than  the  Anapeft  ;   thus, 

U    <J    u  —  —  u  — 

26.  Two  MoJoJl 

Here  are  three  Spondees  for  a  cadence,  nct\vkh  ft  an  clu- 
ing an  objection  has  been  made  to  two,  unlefs  comprif- 
ed  in  three  members  ;  fcr  though  two  Spondees  form 
the  clofe  of  an  heroic  verfe,  it  cannot  be  faid  properly 
that  three  Spondees  do  ;  becaufe,-  in  good  heroics, 
whenever  the  fifth  foot  is  a  Spondee,  the  fourth  is  a 
Dactyl  ;  otherwife  there  is  fuch  a  floth  in  the  verfe,  2& 
to  give  it  much  the  appearance,  of  profe  (a  circumftance 
which  at  once  mews  this  cadence  to  be  natural  in  profe) 
as  in  this  of  Virgil,  En.  7  : 

Aut  lev?s  acre  as  lento  du'uut  argenio  % 

in  which  verfe  not  only  the  three  indeed,  but  the  four 
laft  feet,  are  Spondees,  a  metre  by  much  too  fallen  for 
poetry.  I  have  marked  no  other  fuch  verfe  as  this  in 
Virgil  ;  and  for  this  can  oifer  only  the  occafion  of  it  as 
an  apology.  It  feems  to  me,  that  the  lento  ducunt  argent o 
here  is  well  fpoken  of  the  work  in  which  the  artifts  of 
Atina,  Tybur,  and  the  other  three  towns,  were  fome  or- 
U  2 


222  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

other  engaged  againft  the  impending  war  ;  and  that 
the  verfc  altogether  is  no  bad  representative  of  the 
yielding,  yet  not  too  lithe ibme,  nature  of  filver.  If  any 
critic,  more  fevere,  fhould  fay  to  this, 

Turpia  dcciplunt  cacum  vitia,  aui  etiam  ipfa  hdec 
Deletlant ;    vcluti  Balbinum  polypus  Agna — 
I  will  only  add,  what  follows  next  in  the  fatiriit,  (Hor.) 

Vellum  in  amicitia  Jlc  erraremus  : 
and  acknowledge  my  partiality. 

27.  T<wq  Anapejls    o  u  —  o  o  - 

Et  Shiidem  cptime  eft  fibi  jundus  Anap&ftus%  fays  Qu  in  Chi- 
lian, and  gives  this  inftance  of  it,  "  Nam  ubi  libido  do- 
minatur,  innocentix*  leve  prafidium  e/l" 

28.  A  Bacchic  and  an  Anapejl    o u  o  - 

The  rhetorician  having  faid  as  above  of  the  Anapeft, 
adds,  that  it  acquires  more  foftnefs  by  having  a  Spon- 
dee or  a  Bacchic  before  it.  MolUor  jiei precedent*  Sppndeo 
<vel  Bacchio,  ut,Ji  mutes  idem,  "  Leve  innocentix  praeiidium 
cil." 

29.  Two  Bac chics   u ur  — - 

Bacctius  et  cludit,  et Jitijungitur  j  "  Venenum  timeres." 
QuincJ. 

30.  A  Molojfus  and  Antilacchic o 

Having  faid  as  above  of  the  Bacchic,  Quin'ffiEan  adds, 
Conirarius  quoque  qui  eft,  cludet  [ntftji  ultimam  longam  tj]e  vor 
lumusj  optimJque  halei  ante  fe  Molojfcn  :  ut,  M  Et  fpinis  ref- 
p  erf  am." 

From  the  parenthefis  here  appears  QuindHlian's  ape 
probation  of  the  twenty-fixth  cadence,  viz.  two  Mo- 
loffi. 

31.  A  Bacchic  and  Antilacchic    o  — o 

This  cadence  is  like  wife  commended  by  Quin<5Hlian, 
who,  having  faid  of  the  Antibacchic,  habebit  ante  fe  Mo* 
loftbn,  adds,  aui  Bacchiu-n  ;  and  then  follows  this  example, 
**  Quod  hie  potejiy  tigs  pjftinus." 

32..  A  Critic  aud  a  DaSyl  -*  u 00 

Cludet  et  Daflylus,  ntfi  eum  obfervath  ultima  Creticurh  facity 
ut>  Muliercula  nixus  in  litore."     Habebit  ants  bene   Creti- 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN  223 

Cinitf  et  Iambum,  Sport Jcum  male,  pejus  Choreum.  Change  the 
poiition  of  nlxus  in  this  example,  and  the  wh>le  cadence 
will  be  illuftrated  ;  **  v^-y0 

11  Nix  us  Mulitrcula  in  lito-e" 


Rule    16. 


"  O  0  far  as  other  rules  and  perfpicuity  will  allow,  in 

lj  the  arrangement  and  choice  of  words,  when  the 
foregoing  ends  with  a  vowel,  let  the  next  begin  with  a 
confonant  ;  and  vice  verfd." 

By  this  rule,  and  the  fix  next  following,  the  learner 
will  be  directed  in  the  choice  of  his  words,  as  well  as  in 
the  pofition  of  them. 

Among  Quinctilian's  ftricturcs  on  compofition,  one 
is,  that  by  a  concurrence  of  vowels  fometimes  the  dic- 
tion chaps  and  gapes,  is  interrupted,  lags  and  labours, 
(Turn  vocalium  concur/us  :  qui  cum  accitlii  ;  et  inter fifth,  et 
quafi  labor  at  or  alio)  becaufe  the  uttering  of  two  or,  move 
vowels,  when  they  come  together,  caufes  fometimes  an 
unpleafant,  fometimes  a  painful,  difteation  of  the  mouth ; 

"  P  atria  eft"- "  pulchra  oraticne  atla  omnia  often  tare." — 

That  elegant  author,  liberates,  fo  cautioufly  avoided 
this  concurrence  of  vowels  between  words,  that  in  him 
you  fhall  hardly  find  an*  inftance  of  it.  His  fcholars,  in- 
deed, Theopompus  especially,  were  cenfured  both  by 
Demetrius  Phalerius  and  by  QuincYiIian,  for  being  too. 
nice  and  fcrupulous  in  this  refpeel  ;  for  fometimes  the 
Synalepha  has  a  wonderful  effect  in  giving  foftnefs,  and 
fometimes  grandeur,  to  an  expreilion  ;  and  therefore  Ci- 
cero aad  Demofthenes,  far  from  delpifmg,  made  a  mo- 
derate ufe  of  it  in  their  difcourfes,  frill  testifying,  how- 
ever, a  general  regard  to  what  this  rule  enjoins. 

We  who  walk,  as  it  were,  in  foreign  ground,  mud  ufe 
extraordinary  caution  in  this  refpecl,  or  incur  the  impu- 
tation of  a  loofe  and  negligent  ftyle.  Such  was  the  cau- 
tion anciently  ufed  to  obviate  the  meeting  of  a  plurality 
of  vowels  in  any  manner,  that  when  in  the  fame  word 
feveral  concurred,  either  one  of  them  was  cut  off  by 
an  apoftrophe,  or  elfe  oae  of  them,  viz.  the  final,  was 
Tupplanted  by  a  confonant  ;  of  which  it  will  be  worth 
^b.^s  to  remark  feveral  inilanctvs> 


224  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

I.     One    V oiv el   dropped. 

1.  Die  hr  diet.  As,  "  Libra  die  fomnique  pares  ubi 
facerit  lions, "  Virg.  V  Vides  jam  die  multum  ef^e.,, 
Plant.  "  Sed  raecTn  poft  caftra  &."  il^/zi/.  "» Ad  pri- 
mi  radios  interitura  'die."  Aufon.  "  Et  jam  *//>  vefper 
erat."     Sail.     "  Decirna  parte  die."     Id. 

2.  Facie  for  faciei,  ih  ufed  both  in  the  gen.  and  dat» 
cafes  by  Lucilius,  quoted  by  A.  Gellius,  9,  14. 

3.  Fide  for  fad.  "  Utque  jidc  pignus  dextras  utri- 
fifqtfe  popofeit."  Gv.  "  Co'nftantis  juvenem  fde." 
Hon  3,  7.  See  both  Bentleys  on  this  text,  and  the  old- 
commentator  in  Cruquius. 

4.  Dii  for  did.  Aulus  Gellius  fays,  that,  according 
to  this,  Virgil,  JEn.  1,  640,  wrote,  "  Mnnera  ketitiarti- 
que  di\,"  not  Dei  quafi  Bacchi.  Gellius  is  not  fmgular 
in  this,  for  neither  Servius  nor  Pierius  difpute  it.  Plau- 
tus,  hi  Merc,  has  dii  for  did. 

5.  Famii  and  fami,  and  fcttneu  for  fdmiet,  from  fames, 
when  ufed,  as  formerly,  in  the  fifth  declenfion.  A.  Gell. 
an  d  his  C  0  mmehtt  lio  r. 

6.  Per  nidi,  progenii,  tudurti,  fpecii,  ddi,  facTi,  both  in  tile 
gen.  and  dat.  in  (lead  of \pern:ciei,  progenia,  lye.     A.  Gell, 

2.   Ike  Jinal  Vowel  fupplaced  ly  a  Con  fen  ant. 

1 .  Fades  for  facid.  Sic  enim  pleraque  at  as  veterum  deck* 
ndi)it  :  hac  fades,  hums  fades.      A.  Gell. 

2.  Dies  for  did.  Id.  Who  quotes  from  Ennuis, 
"  Poitrems  longinqua  cites  confecerit  tEtas."  Cicero  is- 
alib  faid  to  have  ufed  dies  Joy  did.  "Verba  fun  t  has  c 
Marci  Tullf,  'Equiles  vera  daiuros  illius  dies  p anas."  Id. 
The  fame  Gellius  like  wife  tells  us  (nor  is  he  lingular 
heie)  that  Virgil,  in  the  verfe  above  cited,  wrote,  not 
Libra  die,  &t.  but  Libra  dies  fommque,  &c. 

But,  by  this.,  rale,  a  collificn  of  confonants  miifl  be- 
no  lefs.  generally  avoided  than  a  concurring^  of  vowels, 
Ceterum  cbnfonanies  qicoque,  eeeque  tradpue,  qua  funt  afperiotes, 
in  comm'ffura  vcrbcrum  rjxaniur.  This  is  Quinctilian's  ob- 
iedliori  to  a  plurality  of  confonants.  When  many  of 
them  come  together,  they  bring  the  teeth  and  lips  into 
t^o  long  a  contact-,  and  produce  a  mumbling,  or  a  hi£ 
fing,  or  a  chatteringy-ora  rumbling  noife  ;    as,  Ars  Jlitr, 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  225 

diorum  ;    Sextus    Rjfcius }     Rex    Xerxes;     Error    Rcmuli ; 
Bomb  ax  * 

Some  confonants  are  rougher  and  more  difficult  to  be 

pronounced  than  others  ;  we  mu&  take  fpecial  care  that 
they  do  not  Crowd  together  ;  fuch  as  c,  d,  f,  g,  I:,  1,  n, 
q,  f,  t,  x.  Thcfe,  it  has  been  obferved,  are  the  lad  :on- 
icnants  children  learn  to  articulate.  They  depend  ?ach 
on  a  feparate  action  of  the  tongue  ;  of  cburfe,  when  fe- 
veral  of  them  meet,  the  movements  cf  the  tongue  in  at*» 
tcring  mud  be  more  complicate  and  difficult. 

So  careful  were  the  Latins  in  old  time  to  avoid  the 
collifion  of  harih -founding  confonants,  that,  liki  the 
Greeks,  they  would  fometimes  drop  the  final  conf>nant 
of  a  former  word,  that  it  might  not  impinge  agairft  the 
initial  one  of  the  word  following.  Thus  we  hav<  feen 
in  Ennius,  docluy  for  dq&us  before  JldeSs ;  in  Lucetius, 
cquoru  for  equorum  before  dudhca.  Fdr ferenus  fuit  etdignus 
loco,  Lucilius  wrote  fermu  fuit  et  di gnu  loco.  For  diet  banc, 
Cato  would  fay  die  banc.  And  for  et  pojl  P  interroga- 
tively, quafi,  Quid  turn  poftea  ?  we  are  told  be  Em- 
peror Auguflus  ufed  to  fay  E'  po  P  Hence  the  words 
belli  gerare  for  helium  gertre  ;  pomerldiamus  for  pojlmerdianus  ; 
po*  meridiem  for  poji  meridiem  ;  pe3  meridiem  tor  per  wriditm ,- 
pbtin'  iov  potifne,  &c.  tsf'cl  Hence  alfo  it  is,  nanely,  to 
avoid  a  collifion  of  confonants,  that  in  the  ufe  £  thefe 
prepofitions,  a,  ab  e,  ex,  we  fet  a,  e,  before  a  cafonant, 
ab,  ex,  before  a  vowel,  as  a  manu,  e  manu  ;  ab  ors,°x  ore. 

Winkelman,  in  his  Hiflory  of  Art,  quoted  by  the 
Phyfiognomiil  Lavater,  charges  the  northerr  nations 
with  thefe  defects,  that  they  abound  with  monxyllables, 
and  are  clogged  with  confonants,  the  connedrig  and  . 
pronouncing  of  which  is  fometimes  impoffibleta  other 
nations* 


Rule   17. 

"  T  N  general  a  redundancy  of  fhort  word  muli  be 

X    avoided." 

Etiam  monofyllaba,  ft  plura  funt,  fays  Quinclian,  male 
continuabuntur  ;  quia  necejfe  ejl,  compofitio  miutis  aufulis  con- 
cifa  fubfiiltet.     ldeoque  etiam  brevium  verborumic  nominum  . 


226  AN  INTRODUCTION   TO 

vltanda  conlhiuatio.  Elfewhere,  he  compares  the  found  of 
many  fhort  words  to  the  noife  of  a  child's  rattle,  and 
condemns  the  frequent  ufe  of  them  ;  Ne,  quod  nunc  maxi- 
mum vitiufH  eji,  brevlum  context*  refukcnt  [f)  llabaej  ac  fonum 
reddant  pene  pusriUum  crepitaculorum. 

But  the  occafion  of  this  rule,  and  its  exceptions,  have 
been  very  fully  enlarged  on,  and  exemplified,  in  former 
pag?s,  particularly  under  rule  15,  and  therefore  it  may 
futxKe  here  to  give  one  inftance  more  of  the  awkward  ef- 
fect of  many  ihort  words  unfeafonably  heaped  together, 

u  Do,  quod  vis,  et  me  vicluique  volenique  remitfco*" 

Aln.    12,   %l$.    : 

Tiis  verlc,  notwithflanding  its  author,  is  a  bad  one.* 


Rule    18. 


"  T  J  general  a  redundancy  of  long  words  muft  be  a- 
JL  voided." 

TM  reafon  of  this  rule  may  be  inferred  from  what 
has  ben  faid  in  commendation  of  long  words,  that  they 
give  height,  and  enftamp  grandeur  and  folemnity  on  a 
difcoufe,  when  feafonably  ufed  for  that  piirpofe.  But 
fuch  aftyle  does  not  fuit  all  fubjecls  ;  and  when  it  is  in- 
judiciafly  applied,  the  compofition  is  fpoiled  by  a  vain 
pompo'ty,  an  idle  afFeclation  of  magnificence,  which  is 
no  moj  than  bombail  ;  and  which,  retarding  the  ex- 
preffion^  is  ill-qualified  to  quicken  and  give  life  to  thofe 
ideas  Milch  th'e  fubj  eel-matter  fhculd  iuggeft.  Great 
and  fwding  words  unfeafonably  applied,  mine  not  like 
ftars,  bit  glare  like  meteors,  as  Longinus  fays,  when  he 
charges  Alexander's  tutor,  Calliilhenes,  with  being  too 
eager  in;he  purfuit  of  elegance.  Such  terms,  ill-appli- 
ed, are  i)t  fpirit  but  froth.  Tranfgrefling  the  preceding 
rule,  welncur  the  cenfure  of  impotence  ;  and  we  may 
by  a  neglcl  of  this  become  guilty  of  what  the  Grecian 
critic  abta  mentioned  ftyles  the  moil  unpardonable  of- 
fence a  v\tter  can  be  guilty  of,  that  of  foaring  above  the 
fu bj eel.  orced  and  unnatural  images  indeed,  vain  fan- 
cies, and  a  aife elation  of  working  on  the  paffions,  where 
pathos  is  n  neceffary,  are  the  objecls  of  his  cenfure,  and 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  227 

not  merely  the  vsrbum  dictum,  whether  it  be  of  few  fyl- 
lables  or  of  many.     But  in  treating,  de  tyrocinio  fcribend't, 

of  the  very  elementary  part  of  writing,  it  is  requifite,  by 
fuch  rules  as  this  and  the  foregoing,  to  caution  boys 
againft  that  abufe  of  language,  which  is  in  truth  the  be- 
ginning of,  and,  as  young  ideas  moot,  may  betray  un- 
practiied  and  unwary  writers  into,  thofe  very  imperfec- 
tions, of  which  Calliithenes  and  others  cenfured  by  Lon- 
ginus  were  guilty,  namely,  impotence  and  bombaft. — 
The  bufmefs  of  a  boy  at  firit  is  rather  to  exprefs,  than 
in  his  own  mind  to  beget,  ideas,  they  being  firft  fuggeft- 
ed  to  him.  And  knowing  that  words  are  the  vehicles 
of  thoughts,  he  mud  learn  to  convey  the  latter  by  words 
convenient  for  them,  here  laying  the  foundation  of  good 
writing,  and  remembering  always,  that  whether  the  cha- 
riot be  too  heavy  for  the  wheels,  or  the  wheels  for  the 
chariot,  in  both  cafes  the  machine  is  iil-conrtru&ed. 

The  exceptions  to  this  rule,  viz.  when  long  words 
may  abound  to  advantage  may  be  found  among  the  ex- 
ceptions to  rules  the  nineteenth  and  twentieth,  here  foL- 
lowing. 


Rule    19. 

"  IN  general  there   mult  be   no   redundancy  of  long 
X   meaiures." 

Rule    20. 

"  IN  general  there  mult  be  no  redundancy  of  fhort 
meafures." 

The  long  meaiure  and  the  fhort  have  each  their  pro- 
per ufe  and  beauty  ;  and  it  being  on  certain  occailons 
only  that  the  one  is  vaftly  preferable  to  the  other,  it 
follows,  that  oh  {\xca  occasions  only  the  one  mould  fen- 
iibl/  and  glaringly  abound  above  the  other.  We  muft 
confider  what  the  fubjecl  requires  ;  for  a  mifapplied  con- 
tinuity bf  long  times  or  fhort  may  be  death  to  a  com- 
position. When  the  diction  mould  be  quick  and  lively, 
long  meafures  will  appear  dull  and  heavy  ;  when  the  to- 
jpic  requires  ftrong  expreiEons,  and  terms  of  weight  and 


2^3  AN  INTRODUCTION    TO 

.  gravity,  then  by  the  ufe  of  fhort  fyllables,  If  they  are. 
many,  the  ftyle  becomes  weak,  fluttering  and  haity. 
Utrumque  [tempus  longum  et  breve]  locis  utile.  Nam  et 
tllud^ubi  opus  ejt  velocitatc,  tardum  et  fegne  ;  et  hoc,  ubi  pondus 
ixigttUTf  praceps  ac  refultani  merit o  abtnnatur.      Qjiirtff, 


'EXCEPTION'S    TO    RULE     IOv 

To  exprefs  flow  and  majeftic  movements,  -great 
ftrength,  awkard  attitudes,  difficulty,  difdain,  occaiions 
of  delay,  &c.  long  words  and  long  meafures  are  judici- 
ously fufFered  to  abound., 

i.  The  flate  and  majefty  of  the  qu^en  of  heaven  arc 
finely  ftruck  off  by  Virgil  in  thofe  few  words  abounding 
in  lona  fyllables,  of  which  eight  are  contiguous  ; 

*^\il  ego,  q-tra  divom  incedo  regina?"     JEn.  i. 

Taubmann,  admiring  this  pafTage,  fays' :t  is  dlvina  tutn 
'verborum  turn  pedum  ccmpofitiOy  arte  fumma  et  judtcio  facia. 

2.  The  immenfe  bulk  of  the'eeflus  of  Eryx,  the  huge 
jTrength  of  King  iEncas  in  -"wielding;  fuch  a  mafs,  and 
withal  the  exertion  neceffary  even  in  JEneas  to  do  that, 
are  thus  exhibited  by  the  fame  jpozt,[JEn.  5  : 

"  Magnanimufque  Anchifiades  et'nondus  et  ipfa. 

"  Hue  illuc  vinclorum  immenfa  volumina  verfat  :'* 
where  the  length  of  the  period  (for  this  is  but  one  claufe) 
as  well  as  M  the  words  and  meafures,  all  ferve  to  raife 
fhe  description. 

3.  Behold  the  cliimiy,  unweildly '  geftures  of  the  Cy- 
clops labouring  at  Vulcan's  forge  ;   Georg.  4. 

-c;Illi  inter  feie  magna  vi  brjehia  toll'unt." 
•4,   In  one  long  word,  placed  too  where  it  ought  to  be, 
in  the  cadence,  Cicero  reprefents  the  flow  proceedings  of 
.  an. ill-equipped  jfeet  ; 

"  Evolarat  jam  e  confpeclu  fere  iugiens  quaclriremir.,*' 
(thus  f^r  all  is  fwift  and  rapid,  as  it  mould  be,  but) 
f*  cum  eiiam  tunc  cetera  naves  in  /ho  loco •'  moliebantur."      In 


i  err  cm. 


5.  And  tlms  he  afloni flies  us  with  the  vail  and  inex- 
pugnable firmnefs  with  which  the  brazen  flattie  of  Her- 
lules  in  Agrigentum  withftood  the  aflaults  of  a  lawlefs- 
Impious  rabble,  who  attempted  to  deftroy  it  ; 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  249 

"  Poftea  convulfis  rcpagulis,  effraftifque  valvis,  demo- 

liri  fignum  ac  veclibas  labefactare  conantur. Hora 

ampliusjam  in  demciiendo  figno  pennulti  homines  mo- 
liebantur.  Illud  interea  nulla  lababat  ex  parte  :  cum 
alii  veclibus  fubjec'tis  conarentur  commovere  ;  alii  deli- 
gaturn  omnibus  membris  rapere  ad  fe  funibus."     lb. 

The  final  cadence,  rapere  ad  fe  funibus,  including  the 
1a ft  fe ven  fyllables,  and  reckoning  the  fynalepha  as  one, 

is  a  Small   Ionic  and  a  Dactyl  u  o u  u,in  which 

the  fhort  xneafures  predominate,  and  fortunately  ;  for 
here  we  fee  the  intemperate  lpite  with  which  thefe  rebel 
flaves  were  at  laft  actuated,  after  fo  many  vain  and  dis- 
appointed efforts  to  -fulfil  their  wicked  purpofes. 

6.  In  a  beautiful  manner  ufmg  long  words  he  (Cice- 
ro) defcribes  the  ftorms  and  commotions  of  the  ftate, 
and  other  troubles  by  which  his  wifnes  were  oppofed, 
and  himfelf  debarred  from  ftudy  and  retirement  : 

"  Quam  fpem  cogitationum  et  confiliorum  meorum 
cum  graves  communium  temporum,  turn  varii  noftri  ca- 
fus  fellerunt.  Nam  qui  locus  quktis  et  tranquillitatis 
p1  iflimus  fore  videbatur,  in  eo  maxima  moles  mokjliarum 
€i  titrluhniiJTima  tempeflates  exjliterunt"      De  Orat. 

The  whole  paffage  here  is  well  and  feafonably  fuppli- 
ed  with  "long  words  ;  but  the  laft  fentenee  is  atfmirable 
beyond  compare.      V.  Rule  21,  on  this, fentenee. 

7.  Young  Chcerea,  upon  the  ftage,  in  his  unbounded 
admiration  of  one  fair  face,  affecls  to  difdain  all  other 
women  in  the  world  be  fides  :  to  exprefs  which  Te- 
rence has  employed  long  words  ; 

-"  O  faciem  pulchram  !    Deieo  omnes   dehinc  ex  am- 
mo mulieres  : 
Tadet  quotid'*  tutor  rim  harum formarum"     Eun. 

8.  Cicero  infifts  that  the  cumbrous  equipage  with 
which  Milo  was  attended,  when  he  left  Rome,  proves  that 
Milo  had  no  intentions  of  attacking  Clodius  then  on  the 
way.     Now  mark  the  defcription  of  his  equipage  ; 

"  Cum  hie  inddiator,  qui  iter  illad  ad  csedem  faciei^ 
dam  apparaiTet  ;  cum"  uxore  vcheretur  in  rheda,  penu- 
latus,  vulgi  magno  impedimento,  ac  muliebri  et  delidato 
ancillarum  puerorumque  comitatu." 

Who,  that  has  ever  fo  little,  ear,  but  is  fenfvble,  on  the 
bare  reading  of  this  paffage,  that  Cicero  ourpofedly  em- 
W 


*f6  AN    INTRODUCTION    'fO 

ployed  long  words ;  and  that  he  crowded  them  one  upon 
another,  the  better  to  exprefs  the  multitude  of  attendants, 
men,  women  and  children,  who  were  more  likely  to  en- 
cumber, than  to  be  of  fervice  in  a  combat  ?  Monf.  Roll'm, 
I*  elks  Let  ires. 

EXCEPTIONS    TO    RULE    20. 

To  exprefs  hurry,  fpeed,  paffion  of  any  kind,  -impa- 
tience, vehement  indignation,  great  joy,  &c.  fhort words 
and  fhort  meafures  do  properly  abound. 

1.  In  Virgil,  to  whom  we  are  ftill  indebted  for  beau- 
tiful conceptions  and  exprefllons  on  every  occafion,  and 
whofe  beauties  fhine  with  new  luftre,  as  often  as  we  caft 
our  admiring  eyes  upon  them,  Jupiter  thus  difpatches 
his  mefTenger  to  Carthage  on  an  errand,  which  was  to  be 
communicated  immediately  to  the  Trojan  Prince  there  ; 
JEn.  4. 

"  Vade,  age,  nate,  voca  Zephyros,  et  labere  pennis." 
Thefe    are    winged    words,    which    run   as    Mercury 
fhould  fly  ;  the  god  haflened  by  the  zephyrs,  the  man- 
date by  Ihort  meafures. 

2.  By  fhort  meafures,  how  wonderfully,  how  delight- 
fully hjs  the  incomparable  bard  defcribed  the  velocity 
of  his  fleeds- !  J£n.  8. 

"  Quadrupedante  putrem  fonitu  quatit  ungula  cara- 
pum." 

3.  And  the  rout  of  vanquished  foes  !   JEn.  11. 

*  Prima  fugit,  domina  amiHa,  levis  ala  Camillas  : 

Turbati  fugiunt  Rutuli  :  fugit  acer  Atinas  : 

Disjeclique  duces  defolatique  manipli 

Tuto  petunt,  et  equis  averfi  ad  masnia  tendunt.' 

Nee  quifquam  inftantes  Teucros  letumque  ferentes 

vSuftentare  valet  telis,  aut  Mere  contra. 

Sed  laxos  referunt  humeris  languentibus  arcus  : 

Quadrupedumque  putrem  fonitu  quatit  unguia  eam- 

pum. 
Volvitur  ad  muros  caligine  turbidus  atra 
Pulvis." 

In  this  pa/Tage,  where  the  rout  feems  for  a  moment 
to  ceafe  by  the  vain  efforts  of  the  Rutuli  to  withftand, 
where  alio  the  force  of  the  Trojans  is  moft  fully  exprcf- 
fed  (Nee  gujfyuam,  &c.J  there  the  Daftyls  are  for  a  while 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  251 

iifufeJ,  and  Spondees  abound  ;  but  the  flight  is  inftant- 
1/  renewed,  and  with  it  the  rapidity  of  the  verfe. 

"  The  velocity  of  a  faft-failing  ihip  is  thus  in  fhort 
meafures  defcribed  by  Cicero  in  his  pleadings  againft 
Verres  ; 

"  H<sc  Centuripina  navis  erat  incredibli  celeritate  ve- 

lis. Evolarat  jam  e  confpectu  fere  fugiens  quadrire- 

mis." 

5.  And  thus  in  ihort  meafures  by  Seneca  (Ep.  1,  99.) 
the  flight  of  fatter-failing  time  ; 

"  Refpice  celeritafcem  rapidiffimi  temporis  :  cogita 
brcviia:em  hujus  fpatii,  per  quod  citatiiTimi  currimus." 

In  thefe  two  paffages  every  thing  is  rapid  ;  for  though 
the  words  are  long,  the  fyllables  are  ihort  ;  and,  as  Monf, 
Roilin  obferves,  there  is  ;i  choice  of  the  very  letters  here, 
mod  of  which  are  fmooth  and  liquid  ;  Incredibili  cehrkati 

Vtrfif, C^lerkatc^firapidJlJhra  temporis.    The  final  cadence 

in  the  former  of  thefe  paiiagcs  is  that  fo  much  admired 
of  old,  namely,  a  Dichoree, 

—       O  —     'J 

quadrumu  ;  that  in  the  other  is  a  Cretic  and  a  Dactyl, 
which,  the  Dactyl  being  laft,  is  a  quick  meafure,  and 
commended,    as   we    have   feen,    by   Quinctilian  ;  cita- 

itffvni  currimus. 

6.  It  was  indignation  that  called  forth  that  hafty 
mandate  from  Queen  Dido  ; 

«  Ite, 
"  Ferte  citi  flammas  ;  date  vela  ;  impellite  remos." 

7.  And  the  fuddennefs  of  her  frenzy  intermitting, 
that  taught  her  in  thefe  fhort  meafures  fo  abruptly  to 
correct  and  interrogate  herfelf  ; 

"  Quid  loquor  ;  aut  ubi  fum  ?"     JEn.  4. 

8.  Cicero,  impatient  of  delay,  and  eager  all  at  once  to 
drive  Catiline  from  Rome,  in  terms  exactly  meafured  to 
the  occafion,  thus  commands  him  into  exile  ; 

"  Egredere  ex  urbe,  Catilina  :  libera  rempublicam 
metu  ;  in  exilium,  ii  hanc  vocem  expectas,  proficifcere." 


u-y  y 


The  cadence  here  is  P^on  Secundus,  pro-fcifcere  ;  or  it 

—         o  o  — •  O  CJ 

may  be  meafured  by  two  Dactyls,  expec-tas,  profclfcerc  ; 


552  AN  INTRODUCTION   TO 

which,  but  on  fome  fuch  occafion  as  thefe  exceptions 
treat  of,  might  be  objected  to  ;  but  they  are  here  alto- 
gether applicable,  and  beautiful. 

9.  When,  driven  by  the  ahafhing  eloquence  of  Cice- 
ro, Catiline  had  really  left  Rome,  and  by  his  exit  had 
*  elieved  that  city  from  impending  ruin,  with  what  a  tu- 
mult of  joy  does  the  Conful  (Ciccrc)  congratulate  his 
countrymen  on  their  efcape  i 

11  Tandem  aliquando,  Quirites,  Lucium  Catilinam, 
furentem  audacia,  fcelus  anhelantem,  peftem  patriae  ne- 
farie  moiientem,  vobis  atque  huic  urbi  ferrum  flammam- 
que  minitantem,  ex  urbe  vel  ejecimus,  vel  emifimus,  vel 
ipfum  egredientem  verbis  prefecuti  fumus.  Abiit,  ex- 
ceffit,  evafit,  erupit  :  nulla  jam  pernicies  a  monftro  illo 
atque  prodigio  msenibus  iftis  intra  msenia  comparabitur." 
2,  In  Cat. 

Here  is  alacrity  in  the  very  words  ;  no  one  can  read 
them  but  with  pleafure  ;  and  this  is  the  effect  of  thofe 
fprightly  Dactyls,  Pyrrhics  and  Trochees,  which  are  fo 
beautifully  difperfed  throughout  this  truly  elegant  and- 
ch  ar m  i ng  p a iTa g e . 

The  cadence  is  an  Amphibrac  and  a  Dactyl,  mani- 


o     —    O     —  'J     u 


a  comparabitur,  than  which  (not  fit  for  general  ufe)   no 
cadence  can  be  better  qualified  to  exprefs  an  effufion-  of 

joy- 


Rule    21. 


M  r  I  ^HE  laft  fyllables  of  the  foregoing  word  muft  not 
JL     be  the  fame  as  the  firft  fyllables  of  the  word  fol- 
lowing/' 

This  is  exactly  Quinctilianrs  rule,  whofe  words  are, 
Videndum  etiam,  ne  fyllaba  verb't priaris  ultima  Jint  prim*  fe+ 
quentis.  And  by  him  the  impropriety  of  like  fyllables 
concurring  is  thus  twice  exemplified  from  Cicero  ; 

"  Res  mihi  invife  <vife  funt,  Brute.5 '     (Frag.  Epif. 

"  O  fortunstam  natam,  me  confule,  Rcmam  l¥  (Car* 
mine, 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  253 

The  fame  objection  lies  againft  this  of  Ovid,  in  his  fa- 
ble of  Daphne  ; 

"  Crura  fieent  fcntes." 

That  fuch  expreffions  are  faulty,  our  ears  may  readily 
enough  inform  us  ;  for  in  our  ears  they  have  the  effect 
of  ftammering. 

Several  examples  of  this  have  been  colle&ed  by  dif- 
ferent hands  from  Cicero.  One  paffage,  however,  char- 
ged with  being  faulty  in  this  refpect,  is  in  my  opinion  a 
fortunate  tranfgreffion  of  the  rule.  It  is  a  paffage  which 
we  have  lately  ventured  to  admire. 

m  Nam  qui  locus,  &c-  «  -in  eo  maximae  mates  molejlia* 
rum  et  turbulentiffimae  tempeftatss  exftiterunt."  Orat. 
I,  2. 

Moles  Molejliarum  here  hath  given  great  offence  to  all 
the  annotators  ;  bat  it  ftrikes  me,  that  Cicero  defignedly 
ufed  this  expreffion,  maxima  moks  mokJliarum>  and  like  wife 
this,  turbulent'iffim*  temptftates>  the  more  ftrongly  to  inti- 
mate the  difaiters  he  complained  of.  By  reiterating  the 
fame  founds,  he  dwells  on  the  fame  idea,  raifes  it,  and 
feems  to  magnify  the  mafs  (moles)  of  thofe  troubles  and 
turmoils  by  which  the  times  had  been  difturbed,  and 
himfelf  detained  from  enjoying  that  otto  cum  digmiaie 
which  he  had  before  fpoken  of  with  fo  much  rapture. 

EXCEPTION. 

We  are  at  liberty  then  to  tranfgrefs  this  rule,  when  by 
fo  doing  we  can  imprefs  more  ftrongly  an  idea  of  that 
with  which  we  would  have  the  mind  mo  ft  affected  ;  and 
fuch  expreffions  are  peculiarly  applicable  and  fortunate, 
when  the  fubjeel  is  any  thing  menftrous,  deformed  cr 
ugly>  as  in  Cicero,  moles  molejliarum. 


Rule  22. 

"  T\/T^^  words,   which  bear  the  fame   quantity* 
JlV A   which  begin  alike  or  end  alike,  or  which  have 
the  fame  characleriftic  letter  in  declenfion  or  conjuga- 
tion, (many  fuch  words)  may  not  come  together." 

fl 


254  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

This  likewife,  in  great  meafure,  is  Quincldlian's  rule  -4 
Ilia  quoque  vitia  funt  ejujdem,  loci,  ft  cadentiafi  milder,  etfimi- 
liter  defwentia,  et  eodcm  modo  deciinata,  r.ndta  junganlur.  He 
founds  it  on  this  good  reafon,  that  the  very  beauties  of 
language  are  irkiome,  unlefs  fupported  by  that  of  va- 
riety. Variety  is  forever  requifite  to  gratify  the  human 
tatte  ;  and,  unlefs  this  be  duly  maintained,  the  difcourfe 
not  only  becomes  fulfome,  by  the  lament  is  pervading  it, 
but  may  fometimes  be  charged  with  affectation,  which 
is  worfe  than  a  coarfe  and  inelegant  ityle.     Firtutes  etiam 

if/a  tadium  pdri'aht,  nifi  gratia  <varietatis  adjuia. Q  ration]  s 

compjitio  niji  varla  t/l,  et  ojfcndh  Jundiiuditit)  et  affeaafwit  de- 

jpir/jLtiditur. J  a   univerfum  ax  tan,  Ji  Jit   necjf ,   duram  po- 

iius  et  ajptram  comj>qJttion&ri  malim  yp,  quam  tjftminatam  d 
enervem.  Quinct.  Be  the  thoughts  ever  fo  fine,  their 
luitre  will  be  tarniilved  by  fuch  a  ityle  of  writing  as  this 
rule  condemns. 

EXAMPLES. 

I  confefs  myfelf  at  a  lofs  to  exemplify  this  rule  fo 
aptly  as  I  wifh,  it  being  more  eafy  to  find  virtues  than 
faults  of  any  kind  in  the  choice  volumes  of  antiquity  ; 
and  I  would  not  feerri  to  carp,  when  I  could  not  juaUy 
cenfure,  by  adducing  paffages  that  are  lefs  applicable. 
Here"  are  a  few  initances,  which  May  fcrve  in  feme  de- 
gree to  illuftrate  the  rule  ;  and,  if  they  do  it  but  imper-  . 
feclly,  the  rule  is  evident,  and  may  explain  itfelf. 

1.  "  Sed  quo  fata  trahunt,  virlusfourajeguetur," 

Luc  an. 

2.  "  A  tide-  avis*  czterifjus  templis%  a  teBis  urlis,  &i\>9 

Ct'c. 
£.   "  His  rccentibus  hojlfis  nyejlrtfqus  domsjlicis  periculis" 

Id. 
4.   "  Catiliiue  profcalone  omnia  pat  facia,  illujlrata,  opfref- 
fa,  vindicate  cjjc  viaeatis."     Id. 

In  the  firft  of  thefe  examples,  the  long  hiftmg  of  /ecu- 
ra  fcqueiur  is  very  unpleafant.  In  the  oihers,  too  many 
words  bear  the  fame  cadence  ;  the  iyllable  is,  and  then 
the  letter  a,  are  repealed  too  often.  Such  a  diction  is 
apt  to  run  away  with  the  ear,  and  leave  the  mind  unin- 
formed j  like  one  who  would  fee  Gurrick  perform  upon 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN.  255 

the  flage,  and  was  amufed,  not  with  the  rare  talents  of 
the  comedian,  but  with^onnting  how  many  times  he 
walked  acrofs  the  flage,™  nd  how  often  Be  faid  and  and 
the. 

5.  This  reiteration  in  the  beginning  of  words  is  (till 
more  oftenfive  ;  as,  Judicium  judiaim  ;  and  jujti  judicil 
jfunianiy  cited,  I  think,  by  one  or  Qjiinctiiiar/s  annota- 
tors  to  illuitrate  Quinctilian's  flricaire  on  inch  expref- 
fions. 

6.  "  Nam  quoad  long  i  (lime  potefl  mens  mea  re/pi  cere 
fpatium  pneteriti  tempori^"      Cic. 

Mens  mea  is  rather  a  treffafs  on  the  rule  ;  but  might 
have  done  pretty  well,  if  rijpiccre  fpatium  had  not  follow- 
ed :  two  errors  contiguous  caft  a  kind  of  fullen  light 
upon  each  other,  and  fo  both  become  more  glaring. 

7.  We  have  already  cenfured  the  crura  fecehi  fnites  of 
Ovid  ;  and  flill  more  cenfurable  on  the  ikmh  account  is 
this  of  Ennius  ; 

1     8. "  Verbfjrum  vir  paucorum" 

9.  The  firft  line  of  an  Ode  lately  found  in  the  Pala- 
tine  Library  at  Rome,  runs  thus, 

"  DrTcolor  grandest  -gravat  uva  rr.muni." 

This  Ode,  addreffed.  "  Ad  Julium  Flortim,"  and 
written  in  the  fapphic  metre,  is  by  fome  afcribed  to  Ho- 
race, as  if  it  were  the  thirty-ninth  of  the  firft  book  : 
another  Ode,  "  Ad  Librum  $autn,f  in  the  Alciac  Me- 
tre,-and  found  at  the  fame  place  and  time,  they  call  the 
fortieth.  But  I  nwft  doubt,  that  gfdnVJht  gravat  could 
come  from  the  tuneful  pen  of  Horace  :  and  fmce  the 
former  edition  of  this  book  was  printed,  I  have  learned, 
that  a  much  more'*  competent  judge,  the  claffical  Dr. 
Rofs,  Eifhep  of  Exeter,  was  equally  unwilling  to  im- 
pute either  of  thefe  odes  to  Horacf .  I  have  them  writ- 
ten by  his  own  hand  on  a  blank  leaf  in  R.  Bendey's 
edition  of  Horace,  with  this  following  note  of  his  Lord- 
ftiip's  fubferibed  ;  "  Has  daas  odas  Horatio  tributas  et 
Romae  in  Bibliotheca.Palatina  reconditas  Cafpar  Palla- 
vicini  nuper  detexit  ;  quas  ut  Horatii  effe  credam,  vhc 
adduci  poffim."  This  has  fallen  into  my  hands  fmce 
his  Lord/hip's  deceafe  ;  which  I  am  careful  to  add,  left 
I  mould  feem  to  affect  a  correfpondence  with  him  on  the 
fubject  of  thefe  odes. 


256  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO 

Longinus  condemns  an  expreflion  of  this  kind  in  He- 
rodotus, which,  as  I  write  to  young  fcholars,  I  will  ex- 
hibit here  in  Roman  ehara&ers,  "  Zefafees  de  tees  thelaf 
fees"  I  mull  fay,  I  admire  this  expreflion  of  the  Greek 
Hiftorian,  as  being  no  bad  reprefentation  of  the  boiling 
and  fermenting  of  agitated  waters.  If,  however,  it  be 
faulty,  the  Greek  only  (hall  not  bear  the  blame  ;  it  may 
be  transferred  into  our  own  tongue,  the  Englifh  verfion 
of  thefe  Greek  words  being,  The  feethingfea%  orf  the  fa 
feethmv* 

EXCEPTION. 

The  exception  to  this  rule  is  as  that  to  rule  21  :  The 
fame  founds  are  judicioufly  returned  upon  the  ear,  be- 
caufe  no  lefs  gratefully  received  by  it,  when  thereby 
lively  conceptions  can  be  raifed,  and  the  picture,  as  it 
were,  of  that  which  is  defcribed  or  fpoken  of,  feems  to 
pafs  before  the  mind,  and  helps  its  contemplation.  Such 
in  my  mind  is  the  effeel  of  that  expreffion  in  Herodotus* 

Zefafees  de  tees  thelaffees  j" 
and  of  that  in  Cicero, . 

"  Moles  mokfiiarum  ;" 
and  ftill  more, 

u  Maxima  moles  moUJlianm  ct  tvrluJentijjim*  tempeflates  ex- 
Jiterunt.» 

For  the  fame  reafon,  who  does  not  admire  that  redun- 
dancy of  vowels,  efpecially  of  the  vowel  at  in 

u  Galea  aurea  rubra  ;" 
by  which  it  was  doubtlefs  the  very  defign  of  the  Poet  to 
diftinguiih  Turnus  above  his  chofen  attendants  in  their 
approaches  to  the  hoftile  town  ;  to  diftinguifh  him  by  his 
golden  helmet,  that  helmet  in  the  defcription  being  in  a 
manner  conspicuous  to  the  eye  ; 

-  u  Maculis  quern  Tbraciur  allis 
"  Portat  equusy  crlftaq ;  tegit  Galea  aurea  rubra" 
Macrobius  (Saturnal.  1.  y,  c.  1)  admires  and  cites  this 
fame  paffage  as  an  inftance  of  the  extraordinary  elo- 
quence of  Virgil,  particularly  of  what  he  ftyles  "fiecum 
tilud  genus  ckcuihnts"  for  which  he  tells  us,  Fronto  was 
tnuch  noted  ;  and  by  which,  as  he  afterwards  fays,  is 
not  to  be  underftood  "  jejuna  Jicchas"  (far  be  fach  an  im- 


THE  MAKING  OF  LATIN. 

ptitation  from  him,  who,  in  Macrobius's  judgment,  had 
not  only  all  the  eloquence  of  Cicero,  but  that  too  of  the 
ten  orators  of  Athens)  but,  if  I  underftand  him  rightly, 
that  which  is  fimple  and  unlaboured,  frugal  but  full,  in 
which  nothing,  not  even  an  epithet,  is  figurative  or  far- 
fetched, but  every  thing  natural,  perfectly  'appropriate, 
and  even  necelfary,  but  no  more.  £i  Tenuis  qaiddm  etfic- 
cus  et  fobrlus  amat  qwcindatn  dicendi  frugdhtattm/*  Lake  trr: 
fair  one  in  Horace,  fuch  a  ftyle  isjtmphx  mundiinr:  fuch 
here  is  the  plain  but  pertinent  portraiture  of  the  Rutu- 
lian  Warrior,  not  gaudy  but  magnificent  :  his  is  not  the 
head-piece  of  Paris  ;  it  is  the  helmet  of  Turnus,  and  it 
is  the  helmet  of  a  king. 


A  piece  of  advice,  I  meaned  to  cfler  at  the  conclafion 
of  the  Poitfcript  to  Rule  15,  but  then  fuffered  to  flip 
my  memory,  I  may  fubjoin  here,  viz.  That  young  fcho- 
lars,  as  foon  as  they  have  learned  the  Latin  Profodia,  do 
ican  cadences  in  profe  writers  with  as  much  preciiion 
and  nicety  as  they  commonly  do  verfes  in  Virgil  and 
Horace.  Nothing  than  this  will  more  exactly  form  their 
ear  to  the  genuine  mufic  of  the  Latin  tongue  :  and  be- 
ing thus  accuftomed  to  take  particular  notice  of  the  ar- 
rangement of  words,  the  beauties  of  an  author  will  be- 
come more  ftriking  to  them,  and  themfelves  better  qua- 
lified to  imitate  the  fame. 


THE  END. 


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